فصلنامه طب توانبخشی
سال هشتم شماره 2 (تابستان 1398)

Muscles around the shoulder are important for its dynamic stability. Strengthening them is a necessity of muscle rehabilitation. This study attempted to investigate the effect of Powerball (as a relatively new method) on shoulder muscles strengthening exercises. Seventy-five healthy subjects were randomly divided into experimental (n =50) and controls (n=25) groups. Evaluation of shoulder muscles activity was conducted using electromyography of middle deltoid, upper Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi and Infraspinatus muscles in 90 degree arm abduction with an active powerball (experimental group) and an inactive powerball (control group) immediately and again after 12 days of training. In the experimental group, muscle activity increased significantly in all four muscles while using the Powerball compared to resting mode (P <0.01). However, these values were not significant in the control group. In the case of deltoid and upper Trapezius, muscle activity increased significantly after 12 days of exercise in the experimental group (P = 0.04). A significant increase in muscle activity was observed before and after 12 days of exercise in the experimental group compared to the control group (P <0.01). In the control group, muscle activity was not statistically significant compared to pre-exercise. Regarding Latissimus dorsi, there was no significant increase in muscle activity in the experimental and control groups compared to pre-exercise and also between the experimental and control groups (P> 0.05). The results of this study showed that using the Powerball and exercising with it in 90 degrees of abduction can significantly increase the maximum strength and muscle activity of deltoid and upper trapezius muscle activities.

The Multidimensional STarT Questionnaire is an index of clinical decision making and the choice of treatment type in patients with Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain (NSCLBP). The aim of the present study was to compare the ultrasonic thickness of abdominal wall muscles between NSCLBP subgroups based on StarT Questionnaire. A total of 19 male patients with NSCLBP participated in the current analytical study. Based on the STarT Questionnaire, 10 participants were placed in the mild subgroup and 7 in the moderate subgroup, and only 2 participants had severe subgroup characteristics. The ultrasonic thickness of abdominal wall muscles was measured at rest and contraction in the supine position. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, spatial analysis with repeated measure, and paired t-test were used for data analysis. Values p< 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The thickness of the transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscles in the moderate subgroup was significantly lower than that of mild subgroup (p=0.04, p=0.001 respectively), yet no difference was found in external oblique muscle (p=0.05). All three muscles (internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and external oblique) in contraction were thicker than in the rest condition (p=0.02, p=0.001, p=0.007, respectively). Moreover, there was no significant difference between the thickness of the left and right in either of the muscles, whether in the rest or in the contraction condition (p>0.05). Considering the difference in ultrasonic thickness of the abdominal wall muscles between the subgroups of NSCLBP patients based on the STarT Questionnaire, this questionnaire can be used to determine the type of treatment.

Tempromandibular joint is considered as one of the most important joints in our body. Since orders and disorders in this very important region of our body are significantly measured in any case, operations in order to solve. These problems are quite common.Movement restrictions, pain and swelling are considered as negative consequences of this category of surgery.Although the prevalence of the consequences and probability of benefits of low level LASER therapy as a useful treatment in order to lessen or remove them, there has been not enough researchs in this regard yet and this is why we are going to deal with it in this article. In the current type of survey was experimental and far sighted. We had control group and the patients were selected by chance. Samples were among the patients who were suffering from prognatism and were operated almost two weeks before getting samples.   36 patients [in two groups each with equal humbers of control and treat] who were suffering from prognatism and were operated to be reconstructed were treated with LLLT for 10 sessions. ontrolled variables were Intensity of pain, restrictions of movements and swelling. Shapirovilk and also coupled T and individual T were used to evaluate the results. Significative differences were observed between two groups of patients considering pain intensity,swelling and movement restrictions in beneath jaw. According to the results applying of LLLT may lead us to lessen the negative consefuences of jaw operated patients consisting: Pain, swelling and movement restrictions.

The presents study seeks to study the impact of one treatment course of myo-facial release on soccer players with proximal tibio-fibular joint pain with a history of ACL surgery with hamstring graft.   The present semi-experimental study has benefited from the co-operation of 40 soccer players who had undergone Acl reconstruction with hamstring grafting, and were suffering from the posterior Lateral knee specially fibullar head. The patients underwent physical therapy treatment for a period of two weeks (for 6 sessions). The evaluation standards were the data obtained from the KOOS and IKDC, as well as the VAS Ruler, and the extension range of the knee. All questionnaires were filled out both before and after physical therapy treatment. All pain areas specially Biseps femoris and Lateral Gastrocnemius was treated with myo-fascial release  in one model by reasercher.  For evaluating the treatment impacts, the Questionnaire assessments were performed three weeks after the treatment. The data comparisons for the assessment of the variables were performed by the Wilcoxon Rank Test analyses. The results revealed that the mean VAS score pre- and post-treatment were 57.3 and 28.1, respectively; showing a significant difference with a p<0.001. The mean movement range score pre- and post-treatment were 43.4 and 13.1, respectively; (p<0.001), also revealing a significant difference. There were also significant differences found for the KOOS and IKDC questionnaire data, as well showing a significant difference. The fascia release maneuver, especially the Lateral hamstring muscle, and Lateral Gastrocnemius release are suitable tools for decreasing pain, and improving the movement range; as well as bettering lifestyle in such patients.

Most of human communications occur in the form of speech, and an important part of the auditory assessment is performed by a speech stimulus. There are different classifications for auditory behavioral tests with speech stimulus. The purpose of the present study was to investigate auditory behavioral evaluations with speech stimulus. It should also be noted that auditory behavioral tests with speech stimulus have different applications and many researchers have used them in their studies.
Methods and Materials: The scientific databases (magiran, SID, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were search for the studies published between 1976 to 2018 using relevant keywords. The researches were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the current paper, auditory behavioral tests were classified based on the auditory levels. Also, test type, type of stimulus used, age group, intensity of stimulation, method of application, etc. which were presented in various articles and sources, were mentioned and compared with each other. Some of the auditory behavioral tests with speech stimulus are used for screening, determining the hearing level in hearing rehabilitation, and evaluating patients. Moreover, speech tests that assess Auditory Perception are necessary to determine the individuals’ performance in their living environment, and the benefits and fitting of hearing aids.

Shoulder impingement syndrome is one of the most frequent reasons of shoulder pain in primary health care. Myofascial trigger point can lead to shoulder pain. Patients with impingement syndrome tend to have more trigger points than health subjects both in affected and non-affected side. This study is aimed to investigate the short time effect of intramuscular electrical stimulation (IMES) through dry needling on active trigger points of upper trapezius and infraspinatus muscles in patients with impingement syndrome. In the current experimental study five volunteers with impingement syndrome were treated with a single session of intramuscular electrical stimulation through dry needling on upper trapezius and infraspinatus active trigger points. A busrt current (2 Hz and 200 µs) was applied on the muscle while the electrical stimulation was increased to form a pain free contraction for the patient. Abduction range of motion (ROM) by goniometer and pain sensation by visual analog scale (VAS) were measured before and one week after treatment. VAS and ROM showed improvement in all five patients one week after intramuscular electrical stimulation through dry needling. According to the resultsintramuscular electrical stimulation through dry needling might be effective on improving pain and range of motion in patients with impingement syndrome.

Most of the research on hyperlordosis has investigated alignment, but due to the integrity of the skeletal-muscular-neurological system and chain reactions, dysfunction of any joint or muscle is reflected as the impairment both in the function of other joints or muscles and in the quality of function of those parts. Therefore, in hyperlordotic people, any change in lumbo-pelvic region may be accompanied not only by change in the function of this region, but also with change in the function of structures below and above the lumbo-pelvic region. The aim of the present study was to compare the function of lower extremity in non-athlete females exhibiting lumbar hyperlordosis and those of individuals without lumbar hyperlordosis. Both groups had no visible mal-alignment in the alignment of their lower extremity. In the current study, 60 female students, aged 18 to 24, living at Tehran University dormitory, were selected using purposeful sampling. A total of 30 individuals had a lumbar curvature angle greater than or equal to 58.92 degree and 30 had no hyperlordosis. In a precise measurement of the spine, the participants were investigated for any visible mal-alignment of the lower extremity. Those who were dubious about having other types of mal-alignment were excluded from the study. Lower extremity functional tests were implemented on both groups (with and without hyperlordosis). The tests included: Y, vertical jump, triple hop for distance, six-meter timed hop, and balance error scoring system. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods (independent T-test) in both groups. The results indicated that in Y test (p= 0.001), vertical jump (p= 0.007), triple hop for distance (p=0.001), six-meter timed hop (p= 0.002), and balance error scoring system (p= 0.001) there were significant differences between the two groups. According to the results, it could be concluded that hyperlordosis has negative effects on the function of lower extremity and it could cause a decrease in lower extremity function.

The aim of the present study was to investige the effect of fatigue on different periods of FIRP on the selected kinematic parameters and electromyography of selected muscles of futsal players. In the current quasi-experimental study, 12 semi-professional futsal players with no injury of muscle skeletal disorders participated. MyoMotion (with sampling rate of 200 Hz) Noraxon System was used for measuring kinematic parameters and MyoMuscle (with sampling rate of 1000 Hz) Noraxon System was used for measuring muscle activity. All participants did 10 meters sprint test for three times: before, during, and after FIRP. Simultaneously, kinematical and electromyography variables were measured. In the data analysis, procedures continuum relative phase and area under the curve of RMS moving average in four phases, and with 25% interval, during running were calculated. ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferonni post hoc test were used to examine the differences between effects of fatigue in different situations (P≤0.05). The results showed that there are significant differences between Sagittal hip and knee coordination in phase three (before and while fatigue), between Sagittal knee and ankle joint coordination in each four phases, and between sagittal hip and ankle in phase two and four (before, during, and after fatigue) (P<0.05). The results also showed that there are significance differences between gastrocnemius in phase three and Biceps Femoris in phase three before and after fatigue protocol (P<0.05). Generally, it seems that futsal specific fatigue protocol could considerably affect lower limb muscles and joints interaction in the Sagittal plane; however, its effect on the knee joints and muscles, especially Hamstring, were much higher after fatigue. It is suggested that the strength and conditioning coaches concentrate more on muscle endurance training, especially on Hamstring muscle, and Gastrocnemius to reduce the effect of fatigue on performance and risk of injuries.

Hearing sensation is necessary for a child to acquire speech and language. Reading is one of the essential skills one should acquire in childhood. Previous studies have shown that children with hearing loss have lower reading skills as compared with the hearing children. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of cued speech training on improving the reading of the first grade hearing impaired students in elementary schools.
In the current quasi-experimental study, 10 children with profound hearing impaired and 9 hearing children comprised the experimental and control groups, respectively. For data collection, reading diagnostic test was used. At first, the data as the baseline was collected. Then, the experimental group received 30 sessions each lasting for about 45 minutes. Data was analyzed using repeated measures with SPSS, version 22.
The findings showed that the educational method had a positive effect on the accuracy (p=0/01) but did not have any effect on reading comprehension (p=0/096).
According to the results, training cued speech to first-grade students with profound hearing loss can improve their reading skills.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of quadriceps muscular fatigue on knee joint kinetics and kinematics in professional soccer players.
In the present semi-experimental study, 20 male soccer players (age: 22.90±2.29 years) volunteered to participate. Isokinetic dynamometer (Gymnex ISO 2) was used to measure biomechanical variables during 60, 180, and 360 degree/s angular velocities, each including three repetitions of different flexion/extension velocities. Shapiro-Wilks goodness-of-fit test was used for normality and paired samples t-Test and Two-Way analysis of Variance were used for data analysis (p<0/05).
The results showed that there was a significant reduction in the peak extensor power in angular velocity of 60 degrees/s after fatigue as compared to before fatigue (p=0.002). Also, there was significant effects of velocity factor on peak extensor torque (P<0.001), peak flexor torque (P<0.001), peak extensor ratio torque (P<0.001), peak flexor ratio torque (P<0.001), peak extensor angle torque (P=0.048), peak extensor power (P=0.001), peak flexor power (P=0.003), peak extensor work (P<0.001), peak flexor work (P<0.001), total extensor work (P<0.001), total flexor work (P<0.001), and ratio Flexor strength to Extensor (P<0.001).
Our results demonstrated that peak extensor power in 60 degrees/s reduced after fatigue. Reduction of peak extensor power could be a possible reason of reduction of performance in the final parts of the competition.

Direct and indirect complications of diabetic peripheral neuropathy can lead to imbalance and falls, and it may increase the risk for plantar ulcer. Therefore, performing effective trainings to increase balance probably reduces the risk of falling in these patients. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of combined training on the balance and chance of falling in elderly women with diabetic neuropathy.   A total of 23 patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy were randomly allocated to experimental (n=11) and control (n=10) groups in the present study. Before and after training, balance and risk for falling were measured using Berg balance score and fear of falling tests, respectively. Experimental group was involved with combined exercise for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 1 hour per session; the control group did not participate in any exercise program. Data were analyzed running independent and paired- sample t tests at the significance level of α   The results showed that there were significant differences in balance and risk for falling scores in the experimental group after combined training, while there were no significant differences in these scores in the control group. Combined trainings improve balance and reduce the possibility of falling elderly women with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Therefore, it is a beneficial therapeutic intervention in order to improve the balance and reduce the risk of falling in these patients.

ACT, as a promising approach, has received a lot of attention in the treatment of children and adolescents problem. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on ADHD symptoms and academic procrastination of ADHD adolescents.
Following a pretest-posttest with control group quasi-experimental design, 16 adolescents with ADHD were selected from among clients of Psychiatric and Psychological Service centers with regard to the inclusion criteria and then randomly assigned into experimental (n=8) or control groups (n=8). Child Symptom Index (CSI-4) and Savari’s Academic Procrastination Scale were completed prior to the interventions by all participants and then participants of experiment group individually received a 10-session ACT intervention, while control group received no intervention. After the intervention, the in instruments were completed by participants again.
The results of covariance analysis showed that the intervention had no significant effect on inattentiveness, but it was effective on hyperactivity/impulsivity. Also, the results showed that interventions reduced deliberate procrastination, caused by physical-mental fatigue and lack of schedule, and the total score of procrastination.
, Findings implicate that ACT is effective and promising intervention, specially for hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms and procrastination.

Swayback posture is one of the spinal abnormalities and one of the important causes for the pathology of the Lumbo-Pelvic region. However, due to inadequate information about the method of evaluation among researchers, and also lack of agreement about the muscular changes, less attention has been paid to muscle activity in this posture. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to compare the electromyographic activity of trunk and hip muscles during standing in females with and without swayback posture.
For this purpose, 30 inactive females selected using purposive sampling method were assigned into two groups of swayback posture and control. Pelvic tilt and sway angles were obtained with camera and electromyography signals from the thoracic and lumbar erector spine, lumbar multifidus, gluteus maximus, medial hamstring, rectus abdominis, external oblique abdominal, and rectus femoris muscles during standing posture.
The results of independent t-test demonstrated significant differences between swayback posture and control groups in the pelvic tilt (p 0/001) and sway angles (p 0/001). Also, no significant differences were shown between the two groups in the electromyographic activity of erector spine, lumbar multifidus, rectus abdominal, external oblique, and hip extensor muscles during standing (p > 0/05). Moreover, there was a significant difference between the two groups in the amounts of activity of the rectus femoris muscle (p ꞊0/012) and internal oblique (p ꞊0/018).  
The findings of the present study demonstrated that there are similar muscle contractions in the trunk and hip muscles between two groups of sway back posture and control, which contrary to the previous studies, the perception of passive swayback posture has been somewhat violated. Hence, this can provide a better understanding of the sway back posture for trainers and athletes in assessment and rehabilitation.

Balance and cognitive problems lead to reduced mobility in Down syndrome patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the balance features and its relationship with memory capacity in children with and without Down syndrome.
In the present study, 20 participants with Down syndrome and 20 healthy individuals identical in age and sex and other demographic characteristics were tested. Participants' static and dynamic balance performances were measured using test of standing on the dominant leg with open and closed eyes, functional reach test, tandem walking test, time up and go test, 360 degree rotation test, and Y balance test. Also, each participant's capacity of working memory was measured via the forward and backward counting. Independent t-test and Pearson correlation test were used at the significance level of p < 0.05.
The results showed that there is a significant relationship between working memory and some of the balance factors (p < 0.05). Also, the balance performance of Down syndrome patients was significantly lower than that of healthy participants. The working memory capacity in the patients with syndrome showed a significant difference with healthy participants (p < 0.05).
The results showed that the cognitive function can affect postural control. Therefore, in addition to reinforcement of the muscular and sensory system, cognitive interventions can also be effective in improving balance.

Autism Spectrum Disorders are described as anomalies of social interactions, and having repetitious and stereotype behaviors. There is a positive correlation between hyper sensitivity and attention disorders in the diagnosed children. Also, there is a problem with hypo sensitivity in these children in the sense that they are not capable of performing adaptive behavior. Also, they lack interaction skills and social interactions. The present study aimed to investigate the intervention of the sensory based intervention of the high function autistic children on their adaptive behavior. The present randomized clinical trial was conducted on 50 children with Autism Spectrum Disorders who were selected from an available sample. The data was collected using Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales questionnaire. The evaluations were conducted both before and right after the interference. The control group received the normal therapy whereas the experimental group received this therapy together with the privileges of the sensory protocol of the present study. The obtained data was analyzed using SPSS and running Paired T-Test. The findings of the study indicated that there was no significant meaningful difference between the performances of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in the two groups regarding the interactive skills (P=0.575), daily living skills (P=0.702), socialization (P=0.449), and maladaptive behavior (P=0.605). According to the results, the interference had no effect on the adaptive behavior of the Autistic children. Considering the fact that adaptive behavior is related to secondary senses (olfactory, taste and hearing), it is suggested that these factors be taken into consideration, too.

The first step in learning is understanding and information. Therefore, understanding things from one perspective essentially depends on complex visual processes. This active and often skillful persuit is called search. The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of visual training on motor function and visual search behaviors in dart throwing skills in physical education students.
A total of 30 female bachelor students recruited using convenient sampling method. The study included three stages: pretest, visual training, and post-test. The study course was 12 sessions and students underwent 40 minutes of Revien & Gabor training. We used kolmogorov-smirnov test to check normality of distribution. We also used one-way ANOVA to analyze the data.
The results showed that visual training was significantly associated with number fixation, duration fixation, and especially saccadic movements. Number fixation and duration fixation were improved equally as the result of visual training. Visual training also improved motor function; however, the effect of these trainings was greater for visual search (number fixation, duration fixation, and saccadic movements).
According to the results, it can be concluded that visual training can meet visual needs in terms of dart throwing skills. It is worth noting that visual trainings along with physical exercise can improve the results more efficiently.

Taping is a common method used by athletes to improve pain. The aim of the present study was to assess the immediate effect of femoral external rotational and abductoral taping on frequency content of ground reaction forces during stance phase of running.
A total of 24 healthy men (age: 24.6 ± 2.5 years) volunteered to participate in the study. Ground reaction force data was recorded using a Kistler force platform (sampling rate: 1000 Hz) before and after hip abductoral and external rotator muscles taping. Paired sample t-test was used for statistical analysis.
Compared to without taping condition, taping significantly increased the frequency content with power 99.5% power (P=0.034) and essential number of harmonics (P=0.007) for vertical ground reaction force during stance phase of running. Taping application did not change frequency content of anterior-posterior and medio-lateral ground reaction forces (P>0.05).
Femoral external rotational and abductoral taping increased the values ​​of frequency content of ground reaction forces in vertical direction, which is a risk factor of injury during running. However, further study is warranted to provide more support.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of knee brace on frequency spectrum of ground reaction forces during landing movement from two heights of 30 and 50 cm in athletes with anterior cruciate ligament injury.
A total of 15 athletes with ACL injury volunteered to participate in the study. The landing tests were performed from heights of 30 and 50 cm. Ground reaction forces were recorded before and after using knee brace making use of Bertec force platforms. Also, Wilcoxon test was used for statistical analysis.
The number of essential harmonics in medio-latral direction during brace condition decreased by 1.82% (P = 0.024). Also, the median frequency in anterior-posterior direction showed a significant increase of 195.46% during brace condition (P = 0.025).
The use of brace in anterior cruciate ligament injury athletes had the greatest effect on the essential number of harmonics along the medio-latral direction and median frequency in the anterior-posterior direction. The novel knee brace could be designed to reduce other components of ground reaction force frequency domain in injured athletes with aim of early return to sports competitions.

Aging is a process in which most of the physiological structures and functions of the body decline gradually. Therefore, there is a significant decrease in the elderly’s cognitive performance and motor skills. Physical activity and cognitive-motor interventions have been documented to be effective in attenuating the process of aging and improving the quality of life in this population. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of virtual reality exercises (exergaming) on the coordination of the elderly.
A total of 24 aged people (60-75 years old) were selected using available sampling and then randomly divided into two groups: experimental (n = 12) and control (n = 12). The experimental group performed virtual reality exercises for 9 weeks, 3 sessions per week for an hour. Hand-eye and foot-eye coordination were respectively tested using Purdue Pogboard and tandem walking coordination tests. Data were analyzed via SPSS (version 24) at the significance level of α=0.05.
The results demonstrated that virtual reality exercises had a significant effect on the coordination of the elderly. Prior to the intervention, the average scores of the tandem gait and Purdue Pogboard tests did not show any significant differences between the control and experimental groups, but a significant difference was found after the intervention.
According to the results of the present study, it seems that virtual reality exercises can be used as a new and highly attractive training method for improving the coordination of the elderly.

Pinguecula is a common type of conjunctival degeneration. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of pinguecula and its determinants in a student population in Iran.
A cross-sectional study was carried out on 850 students at the School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, with an average age of 22.06±3.99. After taking the history and life style characteristics, including: duration of outdoor activity, sleep time and computer working time, a standard OSDI questionnaire was completed by each student, and then presence of pinguecula was diagnosed in all students using slit lamp examination.
The total prevalence of pinguecula was 46.91; (57.14 in men and 31.42 in women) and the prevalence of this disease was significantly higher in men than in women (P=<001). There was a significant relationship between the duration of outdoor activity (P=0.017) and computer working time (P=0.001) with pinguecula prevalence. No significant association was found between the prevalence of pinguecula and OSDI questionnaire score, sleep time, and age (all values of P> 0.05).
According to the results, the prevalence of pinguecula was high in the present study, and therefore, comprehensive optometric examinations are recommended for the diagnosis of pinguecula and the subsequent required actions in students. Given the relationship between pinguecula and outdoor activities and computer-time, it is necessary to provide the students with the necessary information about this issue to reduce the incidence of this disease.

Single-leg landing is a common movement in many sports and is known to be an important cause of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury, since some well-known exercises have a beneficial effect on the non-contact injuries. The purpose of the current study was to compare male individuals' selected knee kinematic factors during single leg landing after six weeks of multi-angled isometric exercises on knee joint flexor and extensor muscle groups.
In the present study, 30 males (mean age: 24.82 ± 1.88 y, weight: 78.8 ± 1.08 kg, height: 1.87 ± 0.05 m) were objectively selected. Participants were randomly divided into two groups of isometrics (n=15) and controls (n=15). Prior to and six weeks after the exercises (3 sessions per week), at the same time and place, the single-leg landing motion was recorded by the motion analysis system, and using MATLAB software the values ​​of knee valgus, knee flexion, and tibia rotation were evaluated. During the research period, the control group did not have any therapeutic intervention program. The results of the study were analyzed using covariance analysis.
The results showed that there was a significant decrease in the valgus angle after training (P=0.029), a significant increase in knee flexion angles (P=0.001), and a significant decrease in the angle of tibia rotation (P =0.000)
According to the results, multi-angular isometric exercises have a positive effect on the selected kinematic factors studied in the present study. These factors are important factors in the anterior cruciate ligament injury; therefore, it seems that such exercises can be carried out without the need for certain specialties. These exercises are suggested to prevent anterior cruciate ligament injury.

Auditory verbal working memory is defined as the ability to learn, retain, and recall verbal syllables or words. Various factors like age, gender, education, and change in endocrine secretions, such as gonads, can affect the acquisition of memory and learning test scores. In the present study, the effect of menopause on changes in hormonal secretion was studied on women's working memory.  A descriptive-analytic study was performed on 25 menopause women, aged 50–59, with normal hearing and who had had their menopause during the past two years or more.  Sampling method was available sampling which was perfromed using the Persion version of the Rey auditory – verbal test. In order to investigate the status of data distribution we used Shapirovailk test, to examine the relationship between immediate recall and delayed recall and delayed recall, Wilcoxon test was run, to study the correlation between stages 1 to 5, Friedman test was used, and to investigate the relationship between age, education, and years of menopause, Spearman's correlation coefficient was run. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the scores of trails 1 to 5. There was also a significant relationship between delayed memory with recognition score and also between education and some scores of memory test. Menopause in the age range of 50 to 59 years does not affect verbal auditory memory and it seems that the level of education will have a greater impact on the acquisition of scores in a decade of life.

Hearing impairment has negative consequences on different aspects of children’s development like high cognitive function, learning, and linguistic processes. The purpose of the present study was to compare executive function and educational satisfaction among normal hearing and hearing impaired primary school students with and without cochlear implant. A total of 155 primary school students, 44 with hearing impairment and without implants from special schools and 44 with cochlear implants from special and normal schools, were randomly selected. In addition, 67 normal hearing primary school student were selected using random cluster sampling from Tehran between 1393-94. Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) and the Quality of School Life Questionnaire (QSL) were used for evaluating executive functions and educational satisfaction, respectively. The results of data analysis using ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference between the tree groups in terms of executive function, but there was a significant difference in time performance test (P=0/004). Also, there was a significant difference among the tree groups in terms of educational satisfaction (P=0/031). Hearing impaired students with and without cochlear implant had no difference with normal hearing students in terms of executive functions measured by visual test, but they spent more time in the executive function test in comparison to the normal hearing students and had less educational satisfaction.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of hopping training on the dynamic balance of volleyball players with Functional Ankle Instability(FAI). To do so, 30 volleyball players with FAI were selected using Cumberland ankle instability tool (CAIT) questionnaire and then divided into experimental and control groups. Pre-test was performed using drop-landing test on force plate and after six weeks of training on experimental group, the post-test was given.Participants' dynamic stability was evaluated using Time to Stabilization (TTS) index during drop-landing task, as one of the deleterious athletic movements. The participants' TTS were calculated in three directions (Vertical, Medio-lateral, and Antero-posterior) and ANCOVA was used to analyze data (α ‹ 0.05). The results showed that six weeks of hopping training had no significant effects on time to stabilization mean in the vertical (P = 0.513), the medio-lateral (P = 0.369), and the antero-posterior directions (P = 0.999) in both experiment and control groups. The results of the present study may not be compatible with those of the previous studies because of the limitations of the previous tests and methods. Also, given that the participants in our study were elite volleyball players, they may have been kept within a certain range by making compensatory changes in their joints. Therefore, it is suggested that further researches, with regard to the effect of exercises on the joints and muscles, be conducted separately and also in conjunction with each other until the possibility of observing changes in each joint separately is provided and also consideration of compensatory changes in the movements of joints involved in motion is possible

Whiplash injury occurs due to acceleration-deceleration in neck following the accidents. Since neck extensor muscles play a crucial role in mobility and stabilization of neck, their injury might significantly affect continuation and progress of complications. The objective of the present study was to investigate the variations of size and echo intensity of neck extensor muscles in patients suffering from whiplash injury and healthy individuals.
An analytical-sectional study was carried out on 10 healthy persons and 10 patients suffering from whiplash injury whose disease had been confirmed by neurologists and/or orthopedists. Pain severity, neck disability index (NDI) questionnaire score, anterior-posterior diameter, and echo intensities of oblique capitis, posterior rectus capitis, semi-spinalis capitis, splenius capitis, levator scapula, and upper trapezius were measured and recorded.
The present study indicated that thicknesses of rectus capitis and oblique capitis muscles in the patients were smaller as compared with those of the healthy individuals (p<0.05). Normalized echo intensity of the rectus capitis muscle was significantly lower in patients compared with the healthy individuals (p<0.05).
Discussion and The present study demonstrated that extensor muscles of the upper part of neck in the patients suffering from whiplash injury are narrower in terms of thickness and less severe in terms of echo intensity as compared with those of the healthy individuals. The abovementioned muscular alterations are effectively among the reasons associated with continuation of weakness and reduction in tolerance threshold of neck structures in the patients suffering from whiplash injuries.

Perception of emotions through facial expression and speech prosody are known as effective emotional functions in the transmission of communication messages. Research on emotion recognition in patients with Parkinson's disease has less been noticed by the researchers. Therefore, the current study was conducted in order to review the literature on emotion recognition by facial expression and prosody speech in patients with Parkinson's disease. In the current review study, articles were located using specific keywords separately and in combination, including "Parkinson's disease, recognition, processing, perception, reception, vocal cue, prosodic cue, prosodic features, emotional voice and face, perceptual prosody, and facial expression". Articles were gathered from the following databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, Springer, Scientific Reports, and GoogleScholar. Out of 119 papers obtained, published between 1991-2017, 22 related articles were selected. Reviews showed different results; more than 80% of the studies related to perception of facial expression and  all studies related to prosody speech reported that emotion recognition in patients with Parkinson’s disease was weaker than that of control group, especially in negative control participants. More than 13% of the studies indicated no significant difference in such performance between the two groups, and the rest of studies reported variable results related to the conditions of patients associated with each study. According to the results, there were inconsistent findings in examining the relationship between Parkinson's disease and emotion recognition by facial expression or vocal prosody. The motor, cognitive or emotional injuries, which are commonly seen in the pathology of Parkinson's disease, appear to be not primarily related to deficits of emotional perceptions.

Music is related with many aspects of brain activity, such as perception, cognition, memory, and learning, thus it is an appropriate instrument to study cognition and function of various aspects of brain. Cognition is one of the important dimensions of central neural system that has recently attracted researchers. Previous studies have shown that learning music can probably reinforce and evolve neural tracks and has positive effects on speech perception, especially in noisy and challenging situations. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of music on cognition function and speech perception based on the existing clinical researches. Using keywords such as cognition, memory, music, and speech perception, five major databases, including, GoogleScholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scoppus, and SID were searched for relevant papers published between 2000-2018. The search resulted in selection of 38 relevant studies. Review of the studies showed that music has a positive effect on cognition and cognitive components such as memory, attention, and executive functions, as well as speech perception and its components, such as formants and syllables. Also, the results of the studies that examined cognitive functions and speech perception simultaneously in musicians and non-musicians showed that musicians with better cognitive function had better speech comprehension capabilities in noisy situations. Most of the studies indicated that there is a relationship among music, improvement of cognition functions, and speech perception. Playing music is not only production and perception of sounds, but also there is a correlation between these sounds and it can alter cognitive functions. Playing music can also cause improvement in auditory processing and it results in better perception of speech in complex auditory situations. In fact, it seems that playing music enhances the cooperation between high level of perception and cognitive processing.