نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 42 (خرداد 1398)

Convergence is one of the methods of realizing the material and immaterial goals and interests of the states in the field of international relations. Each state, based on its desired values, will spend part of its benefits in achieving its desired goals and prospects in the process of forming convergence. The issue of convergence in the Islamic world and the need for unity between Muslims is one of the most important necessities of Islamic societies in the present era. The maintenance of the interests and security of the Islamic countries is dependent on the unity of their nations, and their cultural-social identity requires them to rise from all sects and categories to preserve the power of Islam. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of cultural diplomacy in the convergence of Islamic countries. The research question is “how Islamic countries can achieve convergence through cultural diplomacy?” In a descriptive-analytical manner, this study examines the hypothesis that cultural diplomacy can reduce regional convergence barriers, and the will and decision of Islamic countries plays an effective role in achieving convergence.

Maintaining the authority of the state and providing the facilities and conditions for the officials to carry out their missions is one of the conditions for the exercise of sovereignty. The disobedience of individuals against officials under either titles of "attack” or “resistance" in Iran's criminal, under certain conditions, leads to the realization of the crime of disobedience. One of the essential conditions for the commission of this crime is that the government official is in the process of carrying out his duties. If these officials are acting within the limits of their assigned duties and their competence and authority, their acts are legal and as a result, attack or resistance to them in this case is considered as a disobedience. If they are acting outside the limits of their assigned duties and their competence and authority, their acts are illegal. There is a great deal of disagreement in this assumption about resistance to them. Some argue that resistance to such illegal acts is absolutely permissible, and on the contrary, some believe that any resistance to government officials, even if their actions are contrary to law, is not right. In addition, some have chosen a moderate position and differentiated between the various cases. The Iranian law and judicial procedure are centered on the third theory. In Iran's criminal law, resistance to acts outside the limits of the government official’s assigned duties and their competence and authority is not only not a disobedience, but in some cases, is called legitimate defense. In addition, the assault to law enforcement officers has legal, criminal, social, cultural, economic and other causes. The current rules have a gap that needs to be filled in with preventive measures, including amendments to articles 607 and 609 of the Islamic Penal Code, and with increasing penalties in the above cases.

In reciprocal contract such as a purchase, the transfer of the ownership to the customer is done by signing the contract or on some systems, by the surrender of the goods. The preservation of ownership requirement, which has different types, is a kind of guarantee to the seller based on the agreement of the parties in the contract – i.e. to preserve the ownership of the goods and not to transfer the ownership to the buyer until the full payment of the price to the seller is done, or until other obligations are done. With the payment of the price or fulfilling other agreement obligations, the ownership is transferred to the buyer. If the requirement is not fulfilled, the seller will remain as the owner and exactly the same commodity should be returned to him. There is a possibility of including the preservation of ownership requirement for the commodities used in the production of another commodity. In this paper, the main question is whether the preservation of ownership requirement has a place in Iranian laws. By the descriptive-analytical method, it is hypothesized that the inclusion of such a clause in Iranian law is correct if the preservation of ownership requirement is not contrary to the requirements of the purchase nature. The aim was to first study the preservation of ownership requirement, and then to identify the status of the said requirement in Iran's law, and to examine the relationship between it and similar legal concepts, as well as the possibility of accepting and including the said requirement in Iran's law. According to the findings of this study, there are similar identities for the preservation of ownership requirement in the Iranian laws, and although there are some common points between them and the said requirements in some ways, in other respects there are differences between existing concepts and the preservation of ownership requirement.

The physician is responsible and obliged to compensate the patient for the damage when it is proven that he/she was guilty. The main goal of this paper is the comparative analysis of the physician’s civil responsibility in British and U.S. law. The obligations of the physicians in the British law are divided into two parts: commitment to treatment, in which the physician's responsibility is based on a guilt; and commitment to the safety of the patient, in which as has been proposed, the physician is responsible for it without determining the guilty. In the U.S. legal system, the physicians’ obligations under the California Medical Remedy Amendment Act 2012 are divided into two parts: commitment to treatment, in which the physician's responsibility is based on a guilt, and commitment to the safety of the patient, in which as has been proposed, the physician is responsible for it without determining the guilty. This rule is partly aligned with the basis adopted by the U.S. law system and the Common Law. This is while in the British law, intention and carelessness are two independent reasons for civil responsibility claims. In the United Kingdom, there are three conditions for the person to take the responsibility of his/her carelessness: 1) The person who makes the damage has an assignment for caring the injured party; 2) He/she violates this assignment with an unconventional function; 3) The violation of the assignment had resulted in damage to the injured party. It will be addressed in the present research.

In the criminal policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, dealing with the phenomenon of smuggling has long been of a particular importance. Of course, over the years, the approach of Iran's legislative policy responses has been mainly based on strict criminal policy due to the lack of evaluation and proper utilization of the functions of criminology. Inadequate and harmful repression of goods and currency smugglers will lead the legislature to take preventive measures. Preventive orientations for smuggling of goods and currency in the act of smuggling of goods and currency show that these measures are mainly based on increased efforts and an increased risk of crime. So in this study, in addition to the specialized examination of the prevention of the smuggling of goods and currency, the automated information technology, including RFID, RTLS and OCR access cards, was considered. In the follow-up, we will examine the means of monitoring the entry and exit that includes X-Ray, gamma and CCTV, and finally, strategies to prevent the smuggling of goods will be provided.

Comprehensive Information System for the Cadastre of Real Estate is a location-based computer information system that records all Cadastre information, including maps information and cadastral ownership documents, and other registry, legal, and descriptive information of all immovable property and natural events of the country. This research aims to study the comprehensive Cadastre Laws which is referred to in this research by a descriptive-analytic approach. The cadastral system will lead to better management of the economy and tax affairs in the country. It will also optimize macroeconomic planning, management, and oversight of the country's immovable assets. The Iranian legislator has given the State Documents and Land Registry Office the responsibility for the implementation of the cadastral plan, the issuance of Cadastre ownership documents, and the creation and exploitation of this system. In other words, the legislator has entrusted the implementation and implementation of the cadastral plan to the State Documents and Land Registry Office. The findings suggest that, in legal terms, the lack of distinction between state and non-state lands in planning the preparation of the Cadastra map and ambiguity in finance, is the source of delay in completing the comprehensive Cadastre bank.

In this study, in order to Investigaying the Role of Cultural Globalization in Family Structural and Functional Changes, some different opinions among Citizens of Zone 7 were gathered and analyzed and then the presented opinions by them have been used. The method conducted in this study is field research and library literature one. In terms of the way of conducting, it will be correlational research and in terms of the research purpose, it will be among applied researches According to a sample formula should be 335. Therefore, 400 questionnaires were distributed among members of the target population. In Next Phase, the researcher has analyzed and interpreted the data gathered. Both descriptive and inferential statistics have been used to analyze the data of this study. Description of data has been presented in table representing different indices such as absolute and relative frequency, mean, standard deviation and variance in background and main variables. Correlational tests, multiple regression and F-test were used to get into the proper conclusion and test hypotheses. The results showed that the Cultural Globalization Effected On Family Structural and Functional Changes.