نشریه مطالعات جمعیتی
پیاپی 6 (پاییز و زمستان 1396)

The aim of this article is to assess the management and money spending patterns among couples and related socioeconomic factors. Statistical population of this cross-sectional survey was all married women in Tehran and 1736 samples were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. The findings show that about half of married women and men in Tehran are not satisfied with the way of  management and money spending in their families and a significant percentage  were not aware of their spouse’ exact income and her/his style in money spending. Three patterns as sharedmanagement and spending money with 30.8 percent, male independent management with 28.1 percent and allocative man to woman with 26 percent were the most prevalent patterns of management and money spending in families in Tehran. There appeared a significant relationship between management and money spending with marital happiness and this relationship was stronger among women than men. In addition, the finding showed that the patterns of spending money are related to income, couple’s education and whether the family is single income or dual income. These results are consistent with the Resources Theory. Given the importance of management and money spending patterns in couples relationships and existence of anomy in this area, appropriate policies are suggested

In the context of structural, constitutional and value-based changes in the contemporary era, attitudes and ideals related to marriage and parturition has been transformed. The present article aims to assess the ideals of youth about marriage. The research was a survey and the data was conducted from 384 youths in Shiraz using a questionnaire. The ideals of marriage were measured in a continuum from traditional to modern. Individuals with a greater score in this spectrum represent having more modern ideals of marriage. The findings of the study indicated that religiosity, ethnicity and social class are the most important factors influencing the ideals of marriage. In general, according to the findings of this research, it can be declared that poor religious endorsement, Fars ethnicity and higher social class are among variables that increase the probability of having a modern ideal for marriage. The desire of young people to marry later, choosing a spouse based on their romance and personal decision, premarital relationship, and the low importance of childbearing, indicate the emergence of a value gap and the priority of modern ideals in the lives of young generations.

The aim of this article is to investigate the effects of cultural factors on fertility preferences of young people in Tehran City. The data was collected using cross-sectional survey and multistage sampling in different regions of Tehran and sample size was 720 young married aged 15-30 years. The results indicated that the average ideal and desired number of children in the viewpoint of respondents was 2.19 and 2.15, respectively.  One child was ideal for  19 percent of respondents, two children was ideal for 54 percent of respondents and three and more children was ideal for 25 percent of sample. The corresponding rate for desired fertility was 18, 57, and 24 percent, respectively. The results also showed that, moderate value and cultural orientation prevailed among most respondents, however, about 20 percent showed modern value orientation (individualist, gender egalitarianism and secular). Bivariate analysis indicated that respondents with individualism, gender egalitarianism and secularism have lower ideal and desired fertility compared to others. Controlling with socio-demographic variables, multivariate analysis revealed that value orientations, in the form of individualism, gender egalitarianism, and secularism, significantly have negative and significant effects on fertility ideals. Therefore, changes in value and attitude systems strongly affected fertility and childbearing ideals. Given the trends towards expanding modern value orientations; fertility decline is expected.

The relationship between number of children in the family and children's human capital has important implications for optimal population policy. We examine the relationship between number of children in the family and children educational outcomes. Using the two percent sample of individual records from Iran Population Census 2011, we constructed a sample of school age children. The empirical model allows for non-linear effects of children quantity on their educational attainment while controlling for other observable household characteristics. Birth order was a key confounding factor which was controlled for. Educational attainment was measured by school progression constructed from comparing actual school grade and expected school grade based on age. Estimation results, using unrestricted ordinary least squares with controlling for confounders including birth order, shows an inverse-U relationship between number of children in the family and educational outcomes; children’s educational performance improves significantly as the number of children increases from one to two. But for families with three or more children, increasing the number of children significantly deteriorates educational outcomes. This corroborates previous findings in the recent literature.

Feeling of security is one of the most important human needs and affects many people's decisions and behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate the dimensions of sense of security, and associated socio-demographic factors among women in Tehran. This study uses data from fertility transition survey in Iran in 2018. The sample comprise of 456 women aged 15-49 years in Tehran city. The mean score of security feeling scale was 52.2, at the average level. The least value of security feeling was related to economic security with an average of 6.67 and then security feeling related to social harm with an average of 7.44. There was a moderate level of security feeling in other dimensions such as security in the city, intellectual security and marriage security. The mean of the objective economic security index was 6.01, which is on average level. Unemployed women, those with an education of diploma and lower, and women and their spouse who were younger than 30 years showed less sense of security and objective economic security than others. The results of regression analysis showed that three variables such as education level, objective economic security and ethnicity have a greater share in predicting feeling of security than other variables. Women's access to financial resources and social participation will make them more control over their living conditions and their surroundings, and  enable them to convert unsafe conditions into secure conditions.

Migration is the most important source of providing the human force for labor markets and the development economies. Thus, the greater and more comprehensive knowledge of migration and its spatial pattern in scientific research and applied planning is necessary.  The goal of this paper is to study the migrant settlement pattern and its changes during 1991-2016. The method used was secondary analysis of 4 period census data during 1991 to 2016. The results showed that the net migration rate in the country experienced some fluctuation during different periods, but the considerable issue in net migration rate was the spatial distribution of this indicator. The central counties of the country such as Karaj, Pakdasht, Isfahan, Semnan and  etc.,  experienced continuously greater immigration, while the counties of the border areas especially west, northwest, southeast areas, have faced by greater emigration. Consistent  with this pattern, the results of the spatial distribution of internal migration also showed that the human settlement patterns during this period, has always been from counties with less population density to the areas with greater population density. And only during the period 2006-2011, the migration pattern showed a weak reverse trend. Consequently, the immigration rate of large counties is still increasing, and in the case of continuation of this trend, the country will face challenges in welfare and services infrastructure, environmental pollution, false employment, and so on.

While the definition of migration concept requires the movement from birthplace to a different residential place, many people are living in their home-country with a dream of emigration. They are identified here as 'potential emigrants' and the main patterns and determinants of their emigration tendency are examined in this study from a socio-demographic perspective. The results of this article is based on a survey conducted in rural and urban areas of Ahvaz, Babolsar, Bojnord, Esfarayen, Gonbad Kavos, Hamadan, Kamyaran, Khoramabad, Mahmoudabad, and Saghez. The survey includes 4267 males and females aged 15 years old and over. According to the results of this analysis, about half of the respondents have a tendency toward emigration. However, further detailed results show that this general pattern is substantially affected by demographic determinants (such as age, gender, place of residence, marital status, and level of education), gender attitude and religiosity. In addition, economic and occupational motives tend to play a more important role in tendency towards migrating overseas. In sum, the results of this study can be summarized and explained in accordance with the classic migration theory and the demographic theory of migration so-called 'migration transition'.