فصلنامه شهر پایدار
پیاپی 3 (پاییز 1397)

The scattered growth of cities, besides the negative environmental and economic impacts, has high societal costs, with expanding and distancing urban neighborhoods from the city center and the formation of urban suburbs more and more. The first goal of this study is to analyze the urban dispersal effect on social capital of Maragheh township. The second goal is to compare the results of multivariate regression with geographical weight regression. The present study consists of three stages: urban dispersion, social capital survey of neighborhoods, and finally, measuring the impact of dispersed indicators on the amount of social capital in urban areas. The number of urban dispersal indicators was 6, and the number of social capital indicators in 5 main factors and 39 sub-indicators. The research method is descriptive-analytical, which has been used for surveying and documentary methods. Data gathering of dispersed indicators by studying the comprehensive city-specific layout developed using ArcGIS software. Social capital information was collected through 383 questionnaires. For data analysis, multivariate regression and geographic weight regression have been used. The results of the study show that the results of multivariate regression are less reliable than geographic weight regression considering the nature of spatial data.

In geography, the landscape is always linked to the factor of culture. Hence, perspective could be considered as the  visible forms and  concepts  on the surface of Earth and their combination.Urban development, the problems of injustice and discrimination in the workplace and life, and the growing incidence of violent acts in cities have also created fear and psychological pressures that ultimately hurt human health and mental health;So, to preserve mental health and behavior and prevent stress,  can benefit from the landscape and the use of beautiful scenery in the  urban physical and the urban infrastructure, but how much do these urban perspectives affect the mental health of citizen is an paramount question. Which is trying to study it. The present research is a descriptive-analyticali research that is based on the purpose of applied and developmental research. First, after describing the concepts of urban prospects and mental health by library method, Urban perspective questionnaire in 9 indicators and 65 items, and GHQ questionnaire in 4 indicators And 28 items in the Likert spectrum  are provited. The sample size of the questionnaire was obtained according to the Cochran sampling formula in 2 regions of 384 that were distributed and collected randomly and distributed randomly. Then, the final analysis was performed in the spss software environment that the results of the GHQ questionnaire at the area level showed the mental health score of area 2 is higher than the average level and the mental health score in area 9 is slightly lower than the average score of the questionnaire.In multivariate regression analysis, we concluded that in the 2nd region, environmental indicators, economic status.

After World War II, in the wake of the rapid population growth and the expansion of urban problems, the creation of new cities as one of the most important urban policies was introduced to address these problems in major cities. But these policies failed in developing countries, particularly in Iran, due to the lack of precise plans and lack of attention to the needs and demands of citizens, and it seems that the new cities did not achieve their goals due to the strategy of creating new cities and their goals. Therefore, we must plan precise plans in order to preserve the existing population of new cities, but also to increase their populations. Participation of people in planning and respecting their opinions and opinions is perhaps the first step in achieving urban planning goals. Therefore, considering the importance of citizenship participation in the success of urban projects, in this research, citizens' participation in urban land use in the new city of Golbahar was investigated. It may be a way for the problems of the new cities. The research method was descriptive-analytic and data was collected using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software using regression, t-test, crosstabs, chi square and spearman tests. The results of the research showed that the level of citizenship participation in the new city of Golbahar is low and the least amount is related to land use, as well as their satisfaction with the services provided by the lower level. According to the results, there is a significant relationship between satisfaction, homework, age, education, duration of stay and occupation with participation, but the relationship between sex and marital status is not significant.

Quality of Life is a concept used to chart the development of welfare in a society and has two (qualitative) and objective (quantitative) aspects. Measuring the quality of life in the mental dimension is essential in order to monitor development plans in urban areas. Consequently, the city of Konarak, which is one of the most deprived areas of the country (southern province of Sistan and Baluchestan), has more than one of the indicators of development and quality of life, doubles the necessity and value of this research. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the quality of mental-perceptual life and explain some effective factors. It was done in the city. The research method was descriptive-analytic and its field information was collected based on a completed questionnaire and a simple random sampling method. The statistical population of the research consisted of all households in the city of Conarak, including 7975 households. The sample was calculated using Cochran's method of 310 people. The validity of the research instrument (questionnaire) was confirmed by expert opinion and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha with a coefficient of 898/0. Data were analyzed using one-group t-test, Pearson correlation analysis and variance analysis using SPSS software. The results of the research showed that the quality of life in the economic, social and physical-environmental dimensions is less than average and the average value is (2.85). Nevertheless, the results of the analysis show that there is a significant relationship between the level of education, occupational status, average land ownership and durable goods, along with the level of fidelity, and the quality of mental life, but there is not much relation between the type of housing ownership and the quality of life.

The market is one of the main elements of the Iranian city and it is the heart of it. The traditional Kashan market was established during the Seljuk period and gradually became an important role in the socio-economic development of the city. As it peaked in the Safavie period, it reached a peak of economic prosperity. But in recent times, due to the expansion of Kashan and the creation of a distance between the market and the place of residence of citizens, the expansion of retail stores and new stores along the streets and neighborhoods at the city level, diminishes and sometimes loses The role and function of the old Kashan market has been. The research seeks to answer the question: What is the difference between the respondents' social-economic base in the city and the manner and behavior of buying from the market? The present study is descriptive-analytic. Field data and questionnaire tools were used to collect data and data. The statistical population consisted of: a) clerks and bazaaris; and b) residents of Kashan city. Two types of questionnaires were prepared for the research. The sample size for the residents of Kashan was selected using 385 people's Cochran formula. This questionnaire was distributed among three urban areas with low economic status (22 Bahman), Medium (Mola mohassen avenue) and high (AmirKabir Street). The criterion is the determination of three metropolitan areas based on the value of land, population density, housing prices, immigrants and the inhabitants' socio-economic status. Also, 100 questionnaires were completed from the city's bankers and marketers. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and one-way ANOVA. The AmirKabir region buys the lowest market share by 10%, but the 22 Bahman country side is the most frequent shopping and shopping market in the traditional market. Overall, the market has lost its first place as the main shopping center for citizens

The growth of informal and irregular settlements, as islands of poverty on the margins and within cities, is a problem due to the elimination of low-income groups from the planning system or not being actively considered as target groups in policy-making, causing environmental degradation, undermining urban services, and descending available infrastructures. In this regard, the purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate the sustainability of marginalized neighborhoods through the identification of physical, demographic, service, environmental, social and economic indicators of sustainable development. The study area is Qaleh Kamkar neighborhood in Qom. The research method is descriptive-analytic based on the survey. The questionnaire and interview were used to collect data. The statistical population of the study consisted of all households in the area (9,019 households). The sample size was calculated using the Cochran formula and the obtained pre-test variance with 95% confidence level, 370 households. The results of the research indicate that the Qaleh Kamkar Qom neighborhood has low social participation and low citizenship and is not in a desirable position in terms of providing services in this neighborhood. Moreover, with the increasing poverty and unemployment of marginalized people, they are more vulnerable to social harm. As a result factors such as migrating from poor rural areas, poor people's dwellings, as well as inadequate urban management have created and intensified this issue.

Urban neighborhoods, as the smallest level of urban structure, are the closest to social interactions and play an important role in the formation of a sustainable urban community. Undoubtedly, social participation is on the rise and human societies are faced with a new opportunity, which will be effective in improving the human condition. Promoting local development and responding to diverse economic, social, financial, territorial, educational and other issues. Citizens in urban neighborhoods need "citizen social participation" and "exploiting the capacities of NGOs and NGOs". Local councils in Tehran are among the institutions created to increase the participation of people in urban management. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of councils in Tehran's neighborhoods in local participation and development. Exploratory-exploratory research is an applied research method. The data collection method was library and field based (questionnaire) and descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson model) were used to analyze data using spss software. The results of the research show that the development of localities can be achieved by strengthening local participation. But the role of the councils in increasing the participation of civilians in urban management plays a minor role. Courageous mechanisms are also inadequate to increase the participation of the people of the neighborhood and the role of the municipality in increasing the participation of the people. Also, councils are not at the level of planning and urban management.

In the present research, it attempts to determine whether urban governance has been able to influence the formation, development and sustainability of residential neighborhoods. A response from the point of view of urban planning given the sustainability approach of urban neighborhoods. Therefore, the overall objective of the research is to investigate urban governance performance in relation to the formation of sustainable urban residential neighborhoods and the causes of some of them ineffective in the area of ​​integrated urban management and empowerment. The research method is descriptive-analytical in terms of its purpose and in terms of its nature, and the method of data collection is documentary and survey (using questionnaire technique). The statistical population is the citizens of the city of Piranshahr (70222 people, using the Cochran formula, the sample population was 382 people and the data were collected by simple random sampling. Statistical analysis of Lisrel and SPSS software was used to analyze the data, and the analysis model Exploratory and confirmatory factor and regression test have been used.The findings of the research show that in addition to the indices used in the research, there is a significant effect on the environmental sustainability of urban neighborhoods, the beliefs of citizens that they influenced decision making and the urban management of their participation In urban governance, it has a positive and strong effect on the sustainable development of neighborhoods, such that "the lack of people in urban management has an impact on the sustainability of urban neighborhoods" and "sustainability indicators have not been desirable." Also, the results of Kruskal Wallis's test indicate that Regarding the sustainability of the neighborhood, the "Farhangian" neighborhood is ranked first with 251/185.