نشریه پژوهش های حفاظت آب و خاک
سال بیست و ششم شماره 2 (خرداد و تیر 1398)

Abstract The numerical modeling of the immiscible flows in the porous media is one of the issues which have always been considered by researchers due to their application in the monitoring of the groundwater pollutions, water and oil behavior in the petroleum reservoirs and hydrology sciences. In this study, we present a two-dimensional discontinuous Galerkin numerical model of immiscible flows in a porous media using the high order implicit pressure-explicit saturation (IMPES) strategy for governing equations. Here, the primary unknowns are wetting phase-pressure and saturation. In this hybrid numerical scheme, for the first time we developed the second-order Lax-Wendroff method to solve the water saturation equation which is considered as the main novelty of this paper. For the numerical modeling of immiscible groundwater pollutions, it has been utilized the local conservative discontinuous Galerkin scheme as the spatial discretization. The backward Euler and second-order Lax-Wendroff scheme are applied as temporal discretization for pressure and saturation equations respectively. Also, we stabilized the exchanging numerical flux and used projection of the velocity field in the H (div) vectorial interpolation space for improvement of results at the heterogeneities.at the end of each time step, non-physical oscillations omitted using modified Chaven-Jaffre slope limiter and the results are stabilized. The second-order Lax-Wendroff scheme based on the Taylor expansion and the high order time derivatives is comparable with conventional IMPES strategy schemes such as multi stage Runge-kutta Method (RKDG) while has less computation cost than multi stage schemes. However, the time step size and the Courant number have some restrictions with respect to the explicit solving of the saturation equation. In order to validation of the model, the Buckley-Leverett benchmark problem is considered. The results of the developed model are compared with of other authors and a good agreement is observed between them. Also, model efficiency and ability have been evaluated with two test cases for high heterogeneous aquifers. Also employing various techniques improved the discontinuities resolution in highly heterogeneous media. Numerical models showed good non-oscillatory resolution of saturation around the less permeable subdomains and frontal interface between the wetting and nonwetting phases. In this study, the penalty parameter varies between 50 and 100. In SWIP version of DG method, the penalty parameter should be chosen greater than 50 while in OBB-DG method zero values could be allocated. The sensitivity analysis of the model has been considered for various effective parameters in modeling.

Nowadays water scarcity has become one of the most important problems in many communities. Construction of dams and water storage to provide part of the required water and flood control is one of the ways to coexist with problems caused by Water scarcity, flood or drought. Evaporation of lakes, reservoirs and ponds surfaces in the optimal utilization of water resources is highly effective. The evaporation of surface waters, usually in dry areas, especially in areas where heat transfer horizontal flow there is significantly will be greater than the wet areas. On the other hand, over time, the rate of sedimentation in the reservoir will increase. One of the problems of sedimentation is changes in the geometry of the reservoir and dam lake level rise to different amounts per storage volume. This in turn leads to increased evaporation due to rising levels of Lake dam. So the main purpose of this research is estimate the rate of evaporation from the lake and choose the most appropriate method for estimating evaporation from the surface of the lake and also determine the effect of sedimentation on evaporating from the surface of the lake of dam. In order to estimate the rate of evaporation from the Kardeh lake, first by using 6 thermal evaporation method such as Jensen-Haise, Hamon, Estefen- Stewart, Papadakis, Abtew and Turc evaporation rate was estimated in monthly, quarterly and annual scale. Then these values were compared with data from pan evaporation, using nine indicators evaluate errors. Also to determine the impact of sedimentation on the evaporation of the lake of this dam, According to the Hydrographs that was conducted in the years 1375-1376, 1382-1383 and 1387-1388, reservoir levels per amount of storage volume (5 scenario includes volumes 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 million cubic meters) was determined. The results show that Jensen-Haise method, is the best thermal method of estimating evaporation in terms of lack of pan evaporation measured data. . It should be noted that in order to estimate the evaporation in monthly or seasonally scale, Papadakis method for winter and Turc method for the summer season will be appropriate methods. Also by reducing profitable volume due to sedimentation, reservoir lake level (per amount of stored stream) increased. So that this increased level by increasing the storage volume from 5 million cubic meters to 25 million cubic meters, Evaporation rate increase to three times the first case. In other words, it can be stated that with 5 times the volume stored in the reservoir (storage volume change from 5 to 25 million cubic meters) and also increase sedimentation the volume of surface evaporation 3 times increases. . Studies show that all methods whether overestimated or underestimated, show Increased evaporation process by changing the storage volume during the mentioned years due to increase the level of the lake of Kardeh reservoir. Jensen-Haise due to the closest data with pan evaporation data and earn the most points from the total score of 9 evaluation index error in estimating evaporation from between 6 ways, were selected as the best thermal method for estimating evaporation in terms of the lack of pan evaporation measured data in the region. Hamon estimation of evaporation method is the most underestimated and Etefen - Stewart method is the most overestimated method. Increasing sedimentation in the reservoir improve the water level to higher level in the reservoir, due to the openness geometry of the Kardeh reservoir, increasing the level of the lake will follow and ultimately increase the rate of evaporation from the surface of the reservoir.

Rivers are delivery vehicles of soluble compounds and sediments eroded from upper reach to wetlands and lakes. Therefore, evaluation of weathering intensity opens new insight into upland erosion, anthropogenic and geochemical process. Weathering indices CIA and WIP have been extensively used for the study of soil genesis. Nonetheless, little information available on the weathering indices in Iran 's soil and sediments. Therefore, this study was conducted on sediments of seven main rivers of Urmia Lake basin with objective of evaluation of two weathering indices and influence of particle size distribution on the weathering process. In this study 34 composite sediment samples have been taken from seven main western rivers of Urmia Lake basin including: Nazloo Chai, Shahar Chai, Barandooz Chai, Ghadar Chai, Mahabad Chai, Simineh Chai and Zola Chai. The physical and chemical properties of sediment were determined with routine soil testing methods. Elemental analyses of sediment samples were determined using an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. Major element oxides were measured by using a built-in program SUPERQ. Then the CIA and WIP indices were calculated. The analysis of data was carried out using correlation, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. The major oxides in the studied sediments were silica, aluminum and calcium. The ratio of silica oxide (SiO2) to upper continental crust (UCC) for all the samples were less than 1 and varied between 0.57 and 0.84 indicating no dilution effect in the mineral transportation. Based on the major oxides component, the similarity among the different rivers was more than 65 and only in the Ghadar and Barandooz rivers the similarity is low because of the presence of MaO. The content of CaO had inverse significant correlation with SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 (with correlation coefficient between -0.62 to -0.67, P<0.001). The CIA and WIP values were varied between 50.1 to 82.6 and 42.4 to 66.2, respectively. Both indices had normal distribution, but WIP index had higher correlation coefficient with particle size distribution particularly D50 (r=-0.84, P<0.001). The CIA index showed lower significant correlation with D50 in comparison with WIP. High concentration CaO and MgO in the river sediments may be due to the presence of calcareous rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and calcareous shales in the watersheds. High SiO2 and Al2O3 concentration in river sediments may draw a conclusion that lower silica weathering and enrichment of potassium feldspar in river sediments. High loading value of in the river sediments may be due to the presence of calcareous rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and calcareous shales in the watersheds. Overall, the CIA and WIP weathering intensity values in upper and lower reach sediments revealed high difference. However, in some rivers such as Mahabad Chai because of construction of dam for more than half century the pattern of weathering intensity was different. Based on the A-CN-K curve. The studied river sediment indicate weathering trend in parallel with the A-CN line, indicating the elimination of silicate minerals of Ca and Na from parent material. Weathering indices in particular WIP had higher correlation coefficient with particle size distribution and D50 and we can conclude a proper index for evaluation of weathering intensity in the sediments.

The grass is one of the plants that is used widely in the landscape of industrial centers. This plant has a high water requirement. So, because of low precipitations in recent years, from some medicinal plants are applied in landscape. Because, these plants not only resist to adverse environmental conditions, but also have low water requirement, nutrition and low maintenance cost in comparison to grass. However, in each region their adaptation and yield depends on various factors such as climatic conditions, physical and chemical conditions of the soil, water quality, irrigation intervals and type of plant. For this reason, the present study was designed to evaluate the compatibility of Salvia sahendica plant to water stress and determining the appropriate irrigation regime to apply as landscapes in industrial centers.

This experiment was conducted at the research farm of Isfahan Mobarakeh Steel Company. After field preparation, the research treatments including five irrigation interval (2 (control), 4, 8, 12 and 16 days) as the main factor and two plant including grass and Salvia sahendica as subsidary factors was carried out in a Split plot design with randomized complete block design with 2 × 2 meters plotted in 3 replications in 1395. After the establishment of plants, the water stress was applied by irrigation intervals. At the end of the summer, the plants (leaf, root and whole plant) were harvested and plant growth factors were measured in three replications. The means comparison conducted by LSD method using MSTAT-C software.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the effects of irrigation interval, species and their interaction were statistically significant at 1% on all morphological and physiological traits. Based on the results of the means comparison, by increasing the irrigation interval from 2 to 4, 8 and 16 days, a significant reduction in the studied traits were observed in the grass (pr<0.05). while, the lowest percentage of viability (5%), surface coverage (5%), visual scoring (10%), leaf area index (4%), relative water content of leaves (9%) and chlorophyll index (3%) was observed in the 16-day interval as compared with control plant, but the reduction of these traits in the Salvia sahendica was not significant to 16 days (pr>0.05). In this plant, the lowest records of named traits were (60%), (67%), (66%), (80%), (68%) and (59%) respectively in 16 days interval. In the grass, proline content, electrolyte leakage, the ratio of root to shoot dry weight and the root highest length were significantly increased by increasing irrigation intervals to more than 2 days (pr <0.05). These traits increased 4.7, 4.2, 2.3 and 2.6 times respectively in the 16-days irrigation interval in this plant. In Salvia sahendica, this parameters was not afftected to 16-days interval. In 16-days interval, these traits increased by 1.2, 2, 1.7 and 1.9 times respectively.

By considering that non-significant decreases were observed (pr>0.05) in the studied parameters of Salvia sahendica up to 12-days interval in comparison with control, it can be concluded that an optimal irrigation regime of this plant in order to use in the landscape is irrigation interval of 12-days. It saves water resources in comparison with grass. According to results, the use of Salvia sahendica is recommended for use as landscape and alternative of grass in the studied area and in other similar areas at confidence level of 95%.

Nowadays, water scarcity is the current issue in Iran. This issue made the more necessity of using the proper water resources management more than the past. Stochastic Dynamic programming (SDP) is one of the methods to obtain the reservoir operation rules. In this method, one of the most important factors to find the optimal solution is discretization of the storage capacity and reservoir inflow. In this research, some storage classes (3, 5, 7 and 10) are analyzed to achieve the optimum storage discretization by SDP method, considering tree types of objective function (α = 0, α = 0.5, α = 1) with the constant reservoir inflow classes.

In this study, the SDP model has been used to find the optimal storage of Jamishan reservoir by any objective functions. By using historical reservoir inflow time series, reservoir inflow and storage are discretized in 3 classes with equal length intervals method and also 3, 5, 7 and 10 classes by Moran method, respectively. This method is applied by driving objective function as a minimization of system damage for each composition of the reservoir inflow and storage classes (k, i). By achieving the steady policy at each period, the amount of reservoir Inflow, storage and release are deterministically defined.

The results showed that the optimal storage capacity, only water supply of downstream demands considered as an objective function, is k=7 and there is minimum water deficit in case of α=0. In addition, this would be 10 classes in case of α=1, which the amount of difference between reservoir storage and its desirable would be changed from constant value and the first decreasing change would be appear. Obtaining reservoir storage classes is also affected by method of discretization since this value is obtained 10 for classic and Moran method and 7 in Savarenskiy method. That is selected k = 10 based on the objective function in case of α = 0.5 considered two objectives of reservoir release storage volume simultaneously.

In case of α=0, the objective function is only reservoir release and water allocation, and of the optimal class of reservoir storage would occur at the point where water deficit is constant by increasing the number of storage classifications which k=7 is the optimal class. In the second scenario the objective function which is α=1 is selected as the best discretized class of the reservoir storage which has the closest vicinity to the target storage (Ts). So, in this case, k=10 is the optimum reservoir storage. In the third scenario, α = 0.5, there is a difference between to find the optimal solution when consider the TS or Tr as the criteria. Both objective function are well regarded in this case and also the first decreasing changes is happened in k=10.

Management of water resources, especially groundwater, is important in arid and semi-arid regions. One of the important issues in optimum water resources management is the prediction of drought conditions. Groundwater is considered as the main resources of water supply for agriculture, industry and drinking uses in Boroujen plain. Therefore, it is important to investigate the drought condition of groundwater resources in the planning and sustainable management of these resources. So far, various methods have been developed and used by researchers to predict different types of droughts. One of these methods is the prediction of wetness conditions by the Markov chain. In most of the previous studies in the field of drought prediction, the Markov chain of first and second orders have been used. In this study, groundwater droughts in Boroujen Plain during the years 1985 to 2015 are assessed and the wetness conditions of this plain are predicted using the third order Markov chain model. In order to assess the groundwater droughts in the Borujen Plain, the GRI index values were calculated on the time scales of 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. For this purpose, the data of groundwater level of 13 piezometric wells in Boroujen plain during a 31 year period (1985-2015) was used. In order to predict the GRI index values in Broujen plain for the next months, the first, second and third- order Markov chain models were used and the performance of these models was evaluated based on contingency table method. After forming the contingency table from the results of first, second and third- order Markov chain models, the values of CSI, POD and FAR statistics were calculated. The CSI values for Broujen plain in the time scales of 1, 3, 6 and 12 months for the first order Markov chain model were calculated equal to 0.58, 0.50, 1.0 and 1.0, respectively. The CSI values for the second order Markov chain model in the time scales of 1, 3 and 6 months were obtained equal to. 0.45, 0.33 and 1.0, and for third order Markov chain model equal to 0.40, 0.38 and 1.0, respectively, which indicate the medium skill of the developed method in the prediction of wetness conditions at 1 and 3 months time scales, and good skill at 6 months’ time scale. Also, the delineation maps of GRI index were drawn by selecting the most suitable interpolation method. The delineation map of GRI in the Broujen Plain shows that the middle parts of the plain often experienced severe droughts. Comparing the performance of different orders of Markov chain in predicting the wetness conditions of Boroujen plain based on CSI, POD and FAR statistics showed that first order Markov chain method presented more accurate results than other models in predicting GRI values in all time scales. Therefore, it can be used to predict the groundwater drought in Boroujen Plain. The results of the GRI survey for Boroujen plain showed that during the period under study, the drought spell of groundwater began in 2008. In general, the severe droughts that have occurred in recent years due to reduce atmospheric precipitation, along with the overexploitation of groundwater have caused the severe decline in groundwater levels, which leads to groundwater quality degradation and land subsidence in the Boroujen plain.

To pass the excess water and floodwaters from upstream to downstream of the dams, a structure called "spillway" is used. This structure is vital and integral as they should be ready for operation at any moment. Stepped spillways are introduced as a viable option for improvement of spillways facing problem when flowing the possible maximum flow rate. Stepped spillways consist of stairs which start near the crown and continue to lower heels. Increase of roughness leads to a uniform and continuous distribution energy of the flow over the spillway. This is of great benefit for designers as there is no longer need to the toe of the spillway to create facilities reducing flow energy such as stilling basins. In this study, to increase the roughness on the stepped spillway, barriers are used to increase the energy dissipation. For experimental tests, a flume with a 90 degree bend was used in Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz (IAU-A) and several different types of barriers on the stepped spillway in three shapes with three different lengths and widths as well as using barriers individually and in combination, with 5 different flow rates, a total of 140 tests were performed. After analyzing the results, it was found that in the stepped spillway combined with respectively a triangular, rectangular, and trapezoidal barrier, a decrease in dissipation and energy loss is observed. Triangular barriers, on average, increase the energy consumption by 15.9%, rectangular barriers, on the average, increase the energy consumption by 13.7% and tipping barriers by an average 11.2% increase in energy depreciation compared to the control model. An increase in the length and width of the barriers results in an increase in dissipation and energy loss. The two-step barriers have the highest energy dissipation and loss. By combining barriers on the two-stair stepped spillway, there is an average of 14.4 percent increase in energy dissipation. Based on the observations, rise in the Froude number from 0.32 to 1.71 leaded to a decrease in dissipation and energy losses which is due to the immersion of the stairs below the water level and the reduction of the roughness of the stairs and with the increase of the intensity of the inflow phenomenon. The simulation results with the Flow-3D math model are close to the physical model, and on average only 6.3% of errors are acceptable. After analyzing the results, it was found that in the combination of stepped spillway with triangular, rectangular and trapezoidal obstacles, we see a decrease in energy depreciation and energy loss. Also, comparing the simulation results and the physical model shows that the Flow-3D mathematical model find less bias with the physical model and closer to reality.

Agro-industrial wastes of olive mill processing are an important environmental problem in olive-oil producing countries. The incorporation of organic wastes such as solid olive waste into soil can be useful for improving soil condition. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant growth. Concurrently, it is also known that phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) are important for P-solubilization from insoluble phosphorus compounds due to large volume of solid waste generated in olive oil mill processing, especially in Guilan province, and increasing demand for phosphorus fertilizers in agriculture, this study was conducted with the aim of increasing the available phosphorus from solid olive waste in the presence of Pseudomonas solubilizing phosphorus bacteria in calcareous soil. Solid waste obtained from an olive oil mill (Rudbar, Guilan province), and loamy soil employed in this study was collected of Lowshan from the topsoil (0‒30 cm). Native pseudomonas with the ability of phosphorus solubilizing was isolated in Sperber medium plate containing insoluble phosphorus and then phosphorus solubilizing index (PSI) was calculated. The treatments for soil incubation consisted of three levels of solid waste include 0 (W0), 2 (W2) and 4 (W4) percent and three levels of bacteria, without bacteria (Pn), isolated pseudomonas (Pi) and pseudomonads CHA0 (Pch) as an index bacteria in 11 sampling times. Soil samples were thoroughly mixed with solid wastes and after inoculating with bacteria (106 cell/g) were incubated at 28°C in 70% of the WHC. Sampling was carried out at 0, 2, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 86, 116, 146 and 176 days of incubation. pH, organic carbon, microbial basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon, available phosphorus and phosphatase activity were measured. A multi-level factorial experiment with complete randomized design was employed in three replications. Mean comparisons were done by Duncan method at p≤ 0.05. Data analysis was carried out on SAS. The effect of solid waste (W), bacteria (B) and time (T) and their interaction effects on soil studied properties were significantly difference (p≤0.01). Results of the mean comparison of the effect of the different levels of waste and bacteria interaction showed that pH decreased with increasing the amount of solid waste and bacteria activity. The most basal respiration was observed in W4Pcha treatment. With increasing the levels of solid waste, the amount of organic carbon also increased and in W4Pcha treatment reached to 3.1%. The maximum amount of microbial biomass carbon was observed in treatments that received solid waste. The maximum amount of available phosphorus was observed in W4Pi (99.1 mg kg-1) and the minimum amount was observed in W0Pn. The activity of phosphatase enzyme also increased with increasing the levels of waste in Pi and Pch bacteria. The results of the effect of waste and time interaction showed a rapid but temporary increase in basal respiration in response to waste. Significant changes were observed in basal respiration, biomass carbon and organic carbon in soils that received solid waste compared to control soil. Adding of solid waste with phosphorous solubilizing bacteria increased phosphatase activity (as an indicator of microbial activity and phosphorous mineralization) in soil. The application of bacterial and solid waste treatment is a solution that, in addition improving the biological properties of the soil, can lead to increase availability of phosphorus, reduce the using of phosphate fertilizers use and the sustainable management of this type of solid waste.

Salinity and sodimization of soils are two factors of land degradation, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Iran is also located in an arid and semi-arid region, and saline-sodic soils cover large areas of Iran. Considering that saline-sodic soils have poor physical, chemical and biological properties that reduce the absorption of nutrients by plants and eventually decline in their growth and yield. The use of reformers, including organic matter, can often be a suitable solution for improving the fertility of saline-sodic soils. In this study, saline-sodic soil was collected from Nazar-Abad area of Karaj and was mixed with three levels of 1, 3 and 5 percent of cow manure, vermicompost and Azolla (as Organic modifier). Then the treatments were incubated for 5 months at 20 ° C temprature and field capacity moisture. The chemical and physical properties of the control soil, fertilizers and some chemical and hydraulic properties of the treatments were evaluated before and after incubation. The electrical conductivity of the control soil was 13.09 dS / m and its sodium absorption ratio was 23.02. After incubation period, 5% Azolla and Vermicompost treatment are at the lowest salinity level. pH reductions in treatments were mostly non-significant. The highest range of changes in the sodium absorption ratio was related to 5% cow manure treatments with a significant difference relative to all treatments. Except for saturated moisture content, there was no significant difference in the amount of moisture in a given suction in different treatments. During the incubation period, there is a significant decrease in the total amount of porosity in all treatments. This decrease was significant in mean porosity in all treatments, the most significant decrease was observed in 5% cow manure treatment, and however 5% vermicompost treatment had the highest mean porosity (It should be noted that most of the water available to plants is in the mean porosity). After incubation period, salinity and pH reduction and increasing of sodium absorption ratio were observed in most treatments. On the other hand, it reduced the coarse and mean porosity, resulting in a decrease in the saturation hydraulic conductivity in the treatments. According to the findings of this study, Vermicompost fertilizer at the level of 5%, with chemical and hydraulic correction of saline-sodic soil, showed its superiority among these three fertilizers, and then the Azolla at the level of 3% is given priority.

Abstract potassium (K) plays a vital role in increasing the tobacco yield and controlling important quality parameters such as leaf combustibility. The forms of soil K in order of their availability for plants are soil soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable and structural potassium. Plant availability of soil K is controlled by dynamic interactions among its different K pools in soil that understanding of these dynamics leads to management of soil fertility. Quantity-Intensity (Q/I) curves of potassium and Q/I parameters provide general information about soil K availability and fertilizers management. This investigation was conducted to study the K forms status and its relationship with Q/I parameters in tobacco cultivated soil in the northwest of Iran. Sorption isotherm was constructed in the laboratory by equilibrating and shaking 2.5 g soil with 25 ml of 0.01 M CaCl2 containing 0-200 mg K L-1 for 24 h. After equilibrium, remaining concentration of K measured and K Quantity-Intensity (Q/I) curves and their parameters such as K buffering capacity (PBCK), K activity ratio at equilibrium (AReK), energy of exchange (EK), the Gapon selectivity coefficient (KG), initial equilibrium concentration of solution K (EKC), readily exchangeable K (∆K0), specific K sites (KX), readily exchangeable K (∆K0) and specific K sites (Kx) were calculated. The soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable and structural K forms in 30 soil samples taken from tobacco-growing soils in north-west of Iran, were measured. Soil potassium forms relationships with each other, Q/I parameters and soil physical and chemical characteristics were investigated. The mean of soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable and structural K forms in soil samples were 23 (ranged from 10 to 118), 207 (ranged from 64 to 511), 569 (ranged from 443 to 690) mg kg-1, respectively. There were significant correlations among K forms except for solution K. The clay values had a significant and positive correlation with each of K forms except solution K values. The means of PBCK, AReK, ∆K0 and KX values were 10.2 cmol kg-1/(mol L-1)0.5, 0.00476 (mol L-1)0.5, 0.032 and 0.46 cmol kg-1, respectively. The EK values for the check treatments ranged from -5151 to -2128 cal mol-1. The relationship of Kso with exchangeable K was positive (r= 0.42*), but its relationship with pH (r = -0.37*) and CCE (r=0.41*) was significantly negative. There was a significant correlation between solution K and exchangeable K values as well as between exchangeable K and clay values presumably because of exchangeable K depletion in soils that caused to decrease K concentration on tobacco leaf in studied reign. The correlation among exchangeable K, non-exchangeable K, and Kstr values indicated that a part of the non-exchangeable and structural potassium, could be available for the plant during the growing season. It is necessary that consider soil properties such as clay content and clay type by using quantity-intensity relations for potassium fertilizer recommendation.

Abstract Desertification relates to the both the process and end state of dry lands degradation. This process, with an impact range in more than 100 countries has affected about 1 billion people in the world and is the result of complex interactions among various factors, such as climate change and human activities.The objective of this study is forecasting of effects of climatic and management scenarios on the desertification phenomena in the Jazmurian catchment, located in the Kerman, and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces, using system dynamic modelling approach. Based on field reconnaissance and literature review, data was collected. In the next step, reference diagrams were created to presenting the causal relationships and feedback based on which the conceptual model for the desertification of the Jazmurian catchment has been developed. The conceptual model was then converted into a model of stocks and flows and run in the Vensim software environment. Model verification was carried out through behavior reproduction tests. Different scenarios of vegetation management and climate were simulated and the outputs of each scenario were compared to the outputs of existing condition. Based on the results, soil criteria, with a score of 1.73, is the most effective factor for land sensitivity to desertification in the Jazmurian catchment. Desertification Sensitivity Index was in critical class with a score of 1.37. The results of scenario analyses for a 30-year period showed that, change in policy and management (1), management of land cover (1.18 and 1.25), and climate change (1.25) are the preferred scenarios for decreasing the Desertification Sensitivity Index. Based on the evaluations and studies, the average weight of the desertification intensity for the current state of desertification based on four factors was 1.37. By comparing this value with the ESAs, desertification intensity class for the entire area is estimated between the fragile and critical (a). Examining the results of implementing the cover management scenarios is observed that if 10 and 20 percent change in vegetation cover and protection against erosion occurs, the sensitivity index after 30 years will reach about 1.25 and 1.18 in order, this shows the importance of managing coverage to Combat Desertification, especially in watershed Jazmourian. Also, management measures in the studied area can stop the desertification process and improve the current situation. The research indicates that the system dynamic approach, as one of the integrating approaches for the assessment of desertification sensitivity in the Jazmurian catchment, is a useful and efficient approach which helps stakeholders enhances their understanding of the causal relationships and feedback in the system.

Two different criteria are exist in the soil science as indices of Alkality. These are the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and the Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP). As shown for measured of ESP, it is essential to have soil Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). But, For CEC determined using laborious and time consuming tests, it be more appropriate and economical to develop a model that predict ESP indirectly from a easily-measured properties. Researches showed a relationship between ESP and SAR. So, SAR can be allocated to predict of ESP. For this reason, many attempts have been made to predict ESP from soil. The specific goal of the research develop model to determining ESP based on SAR by OLS and BN models for Bonab soils in East Azarbaijan province, Iran. For arrived presented research, 209 soil samples were taken by grid survey (250˟250) of Bonab, Iran. The site is located at mean 1300 m above mean sea level, in semiarid climate in the Northwest of Iran. Then, some soil chemical properties such as Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SAR and ESP of the soil samples were measured using laboratory experiments. Then, two model was developed by OLS and BN. OLS estimators are linear functions of the values of the dependent variable which are linearly combined using weights that are a non-linear function of the values of the explanatory variables. So the OLS estimator is respect to how it uses the values of the dependent variable only, and irrespective of how it uses the values of the explanatory. So A Bayesian network is a probabilistic graphical model that represents a set of variables and their conditional dependencies via a directed acyclic graph (DAG). Given symptoms, the network can be used to compute the probabilities of the presence of various diseases. Efficient algorithms can perform inference and learning in Bayesian networks. Generalizations of Bayesian networks that can represent and solve decision problems under uncertainty. The Coefficient of Determination (R2) and Root Mean Square error (RMSE) of the soil ESP-SAR model is reported 0.99, 0.71 and 0.98, 1.63 by OLS and BN respectively. Based on the statistical result, both of soil ESP-SAR model was judged acceptable. T-test were used to compare the soil ESP values predicted using the soil ESP-SAR model with the soil ESP values measured by laboratory tests. The paired samples t-test results indicated that the difference between the soil ESP values predicted by the model and measured by laboratory tests were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Therefore, the soil ESP-SAR model can provide an easy, economic and brief methodology to estimate soil ESP. The GMER index also indicated low estimation of two selected land evaluation method. The results of present study illustrated that OLS and BN models can predict ESP with acceptable limits. OLS and BN are mathematical models between input and output variables and has the ability of modeling between ESP and SAR.

Background and Optimal utilization of water resources systems and the formulation of appropriate rules and policies for the exploitation of reservoirs have been considered by water resource experts in recent years and extensive research has been carried out on them. Although much progress has been made in terms of problem-solving strategies and computational tools, the problem of optimizing the operation of a multi-reservoir systems due to the effect of upstream storage capacities on low-drain inputs is so complicated. Routine optimization methods due to high constraints, discontinuous space and non-linear nature of water resource management issues are not a good tool for solving such problems. For this reason, the metaheuristic optimization algorithms have been considered by researchers. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the results of applying GA and PSO methods in optimum utilization of Golestan and Bustan multi-grout systems in Gorgan Rood watershed using the reliability index in climate change conditions. In this research, the performance of the GA and PSO in solving the problem of optimizing the operation of a multi-reservoir system including Bostan and Golestan dams located in Gorgan-Rood watershed has been studied and compared. The survey of the entrance to the two dam reservoirs in the year 2014-2015 shows that due to the climate change, the annual input to the Bostan and Golestan dams has decreased by 17% and 60%, respectively. Genetic algorithm is a parallel and guided search based on the theory of evolution. The operators of the GA algorithm include selection, crossover, and mutations that are used up to the next generation, respectively. In PSO optimization algorithm, based on the birds and fishes movements, a number of particles are propagated in the search space and the value of the objective function is calculated in proportion to the position of each particle. Then the new particle position is calculated using the combination of current particle locations and the best place previously used. Achievements: The best answer of the PSO algorithm during the 10 runs is 909.95 and the worst is the equal to 930.53, while the best answer of the GA algorithm during the 10 run is 931.17 and the worst It was 957.32. The comparison of the mean of the answers also show that the PSO algorithm has a 3% advantage over GA. The PSO algorithm has a better performance than GA, so that the PSO algorithm with a reliability of 49.38% has a better performance than the GA algorithm with a reliability of 48.44%.

Abstract Today, use of models to illustrate the facts and better understanding them, as well as make accurate decisions about phenomena is very common. One of these models is groundwater flow simulation model used by experts in many countries, also, the accuracy and validity of their results has been proved. The object of this study is to evaluate the effect of current management plans of aquifer and Jajrood River basin on changes of the water table of unconfined aquifer and piezometric level of confined aquifer by numerical simulation. Using numerical models, it can be predicted that with the governing process or different management scenarios, how the aquifer reacts to abstraction and recharge. In this study, hydraulic behavior of Varamin Plain aquifer was simulated using the Modflow code in GMS software in stable and unstable states. After calibrating the model, hydrodynamic coefficients were corrected, then using the resulted model, quantitative behavior of the aquifer was predicted for two management scenarios in the future years. The first scenario expresses the existing quantitative conditions of the Varamin Aquifer. That is, water do not flow to the plain from southeast wastewater treatment plant of Tehran, but water flows to the Varamin aquifer from Jajrood River. The second scenario indicates situation of the aquifer if the planning are carried out by the relevant organizations. Under this scenario, assigned values from discharging of the southeast wastewater treatment plant of Tehran enter the study area, though due to the implementation of Mamlou storage dam, a significant portion of the surface water resources of Jajrood River will not enter the plain. According to the maps resulted from the first scenario, decline in groundwater level continues as in previous years, but in the second scenario, considering the utilization of wastewater treatment plant discharge, despite the cutting off the water entering from the Jajrood River to the plain, the groundwater decline rate will decrease, although this decline continues. Comparison of the model implementation under first and second scenarios shows that with the implementation of planned projects, part of the aquifer’s quantitative problems, particularly in the northern areas of the plain, will be decreased, so that in some northern areas the expected decline in groundwater (results of the first scenario) has decreased about 30 to 40 meters by 2041. In the second scenario, a balance of the groundwater is still decreasing, so that storage reduction rate of the aquifer is about 100000000 m3 annually. Results of the simulation show that under both scenarios (current trend and after implementation of ongoing plans), balance of the groundwater is decreased and decline in water table will be continued, however in comparison to the first scenario, decline rate of water table under the second scenario will be decreased. It can be stated that in order to stop the decline in water level in Varamin aquifer, in addition to water entering plan from Tehran wastewater treatment plant to Varamin plain, recharge of the aquifer from Jajrood River (as the main source of aquifer natural recharge) should be continued.

Increasing the use of chemical fertilizers in order to increase yield can over time have adverse effects on soil and environment and the reduction of consumption of these fertilizers in sustainable agriculture is necessary. EM contains selected species of microorganisms, including dominant populations of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts, and a small number of photosynthetic bacteria, octanomists that are compatible with each other. These microorganisms improve soil structure, manage organic matter and complete the cycle of elements, and can reduce dependence on fertilizers and chemical pesticides. The increase of protein activity and plant photosynthesis capacity, plant growth, root development, flowering, fruit harvesting, and the improvement of food availability and its better absorption by the plant are due to the benefits of using this biological fertilizer. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nitrogen application with Urea fertilizer source and bio-fertilizer EM on nutrient uptake by leaf and yield of strawberry Parous cultivar. This experiment was carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardebili University during the years 2016-2015. Treatments consisted of nitrogen as urea fertilizer at three levels (50, 100 and 150 kg.ha-1 pure nitrogen) and EM bio-fertilizer using two methods of application (foliar and soil with irrigation water) at concentrations of 0, 1, 2 and 3%. In this research, the elements of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, calcium, manganese, magnesium and iron of leaves and fruit yield were measured. According to the results, application of EM fertilizer had a significant and positive effect on all measured traits. The 2% EM treatment with the highest concentration was 2.04% and the control plants had the least leaf nitrogen content with 1.42%. The highest amount of phosphorus was obtained with 1.99, 1.93 and 1.67 mg.kg-1, respectively, with 2, 1 and 3% treatments and the leaves of control plants with the lowest content of 26.2 mg.kg-1 of phosphorus were lowest. The amount of potassium at 1% level was 46.18 at 2 level 45.95 and 44.86 mg.kg-1 in 3%, which was in a statistical group and the control plants had the least amount of potassium. The same trend was observed in the elements of calcium, iron, zinc and manganese. The highest fruit yield was obtained in plants treated with 2% and 3% EM (respectively 185.2 and 176.75 g per plant, respectively). Plants leave Nitrogen content treated with 150 kg of urea fertilizer was 2.9% higher than other concentrations. The amount of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and manganese in leaf and yield of plants treated with 100 kg.ha-1 was higher than other levels of urea fertilizer. Based on the results of the comparison of averages, the application of urea crop 100 kg.ha-1 with EM and 2 and 3% respectively with 141 and 139 mg.kg-1 produced the highest amount of magnesium in the leave. Generally, it can be concluded that application of EM bio-fertilizer with both spraying and soil methods can improve plant growth, yield and nutrient uptake by roots of strawberries. The best and the most suitable nitrogen concentration in terms of fruit yield and leaf elements were 100 kg / ha.