مجله روانشناسی و روانپزشکی شناخت
سال ششم شماره 3 (پیاپی 24، امرداد و شهریور 1398)

Studies have shown that the anodal tDCS is able to increase the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation. On the other hand, results of recent studies have shown that unihemispheric concurrent dual-site a-tDCS could increase the corticospinal excitability.
The present study compares the effectiveness of unihemispheric concurrent dual-site a-tDCS and conventional tDCS, during cognitive exercises in improving the response inhibition of normal individuals.
21 subjects were randomly assigned into two experimental groups as well as a control group. First group received Anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC and M1, the second group received Anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC and Control group received sham a-tDCS. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) at 0.3 mAh was applied directly for 30 minutes in 4 sessions. All subjects, after interventions in each session, performed the stop signal task.  In Fifth session, In order to follow up the effectiveness of interventions, 24 hours after the interventions, subjects were re-evaluated.
The results of repeated measurements analysis revealed that compared with conventional tDCS and control group, unihemispheric concurrent dual-site a-tDCS group had larger improvement in improving the response inhibition of normal individuals (P.05).
The results show that unihemispheric concurrent dual-site a-tDCS could enhance the effectiveness of cognitive exercises by increasing cortical excitability

Hoarding disorder is a complex and not well-understood psychological state that affects millions of people worldwide.
The purpose of this study was to examining the relationship between experimental avoidance and autism spectrum traits and hoarding behaviors with the mediating role of hoarding cognitions.
The present study was descriptive of correlational type and the statistical society of this study was all students of Birjand Azad University in the academic year of  2016-17. The sample consisted of 369 people who were selected by random cluster sampling and completed the Saving Inventory-Revised, hoarding cognitions questionnaire, experiential avoidance questionnaire and autism spectrum quotient.
The findings of the study showed that experiential avoidance has a positive and significant relationship with aspects of hoarding, while the autism spectrum traits have no relationship with the cognitive and behavioral aspects of hoarding. In addition, a finding on mediating role showed that in the proposed model, only the experiential avoidance has a mediator role.
The findings of the study supported hoarding cognitive- behavioral models and suggested that experiential avoidance and hoarding cognitions play important roles in the growth and maintenance of the problems associated with hoarding.

Depression is one of the most common postpartum disturbances. Also, women with postpartum depression have emotional regulation problems.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive rehabilitation training on emotional regulation of women with postpartum depression.
The research method was based on semi-experimental, pre-test, post-test and follow-up in relation to the control group. The sample consisted of 40 women with postpartum depression who were selected based on available simple random sampling. The groups were matched in terms of age, education, severity of depression, etc. Both groups were evaluated in the stages of pretest and post-test by emotional regulation questionnaire (Garnovskii,2001). For analysis of data, covariance analysis and SPSS19 software was used.
The data analysis indicated that cognitive rehabilitation in the experimental group compared with the control group had a significant change in the emotional regulation scores, and this effect has continued during the follow-up phase (P <0.001).
According to the findings of this study, cognitive rehabilitation therapy can be used to treatment of emotional regulation in women with postpartum depression

Today, substance abuse is one of the major problems in societies and has become more prevalent among young people.
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between personality patterns of brain behavioral systems and attention and pre-attention bias in patients dependent on methamphetamine.
The research was conducted using causal - comparative design. The population from which sample was drawn were all male patients dependent on methamphetamine in TAKAB. 30 people selected based on convenience sampling were compared with control groups. Both groups were homogeneous in terms of demographic variables. Research tools include probe dot task, Gray-Wilson's personality questionnaire (GWPQ), unstructured clinical interview and demographic questionnaire. In order to analyze data in addition to description statistic, the Pearson correlation coefficient and independent t-test were used.
The research findings revealed that the patients who have high score in Behavioral Activation system, especially Drive sub system showed more attention-bias in terms of substance provoking words than other patients. There was no difference among the subjects regarding the pre attention bias.
Considering the fact that the attention bias and brain-behavioral systems play an important role in relapse and re-use of substances, identification and understanding of these factors in treatment seem necessary.

Academic engagement is a multidimensional construct, that they are involved in which cognitive factors, including cognitive assessments and epistemological beliefs.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of cognitive assessments and epistemological beliefs in predicting academic engagement of students.
The research method was determining the role of cognitive assessments and epistemological beliefs in predicting academic engagement students. The statistical population of this study consisted of all were students of Payame Noor University of Tabriz in the academic year of 2017-2018. The population of this study was 400 students were select through cluster sampling. The data were collected through questionnaires of academic engagement, cognitive assessment and epistemological beliefs. Data analysis was performed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.
The results of this study showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the components of cognitive assessments, self-efficacy, internal evaluation and epistemological beliefs about the certainty of knowledge with academic engagement. On the other hand, there is a negative and significant relationship between the speed of learning and the intrinsic nature of epistemological beliefs with academic engagement. Also, the results of regression analysis showed that cognitive assessment and epistemological beliefs can predict the variables of academic involvement in students.
Attention to cognitive assessment and epistemological beliefs play an important role in academic engagement.

Psychological disorders are defined as emotional, individual and behavioral disorders such as aggression, which certainly has many negative consequences.
Determine the prevalence of psychological disorders symptoms and their effect on high school students in Divandareh city in 2018.
This is a cross-sectional study. All high-school students (16-18 year) residing Divandareh city, Kurdistan, Iran, in 2018 were included in the study. Stratified sampling was selected and according to Cochran formula, the sample size was 386. Data were collected using the standard questionnaire of psychological disorder symptoms (SCL-25) and Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaire. Descriptive statistics used for descriptive results and analytical results were analyzed by Chi-square, Fisher test and Mann-Whitney test.
370 students were included in this study, which 107 (28%) of them, had low psychological disorders, 204 (55%) had moderate psychological disorders and 59 (17%) had high psychological disorders. On the other hand, only 76 (20.5%) students had favorable sleep quality. According to the results of this study, there was a significant relationship between sleep quality and gender (P=0.011) and grade (P<0.001). Also, there was a significant relationship between psychological disorder and gender (P = 0.015), grade (P <0.001) and average (P = 0.016).
To reduce mental disorders and improve sleep quality, first of all, attention and spiritual support of the family and then the development of educational and preventive policies of institutions such as primary schools and high schools.

Hypochondria is one of of pseudo-physical disorders that despite Physical health, the person believes in having a serious illness for at least 6 months and is often associated with anxiety and depression.
Considering the fact that many operating room personnel are under stress and due to the direct effect of this group's function on community health,, this study aimed to determine the frequency of hypochondria in the operating room staff of the educational hospitals of GuilanUniversity of Medical Sciences.
This study was performed on 101 personnel of operating rooms of hospitals affiliated to Guilan University of Medical Sciences. The Operating room personnel responded to the demographic questionnaire and the Evans Hypochondria standard  questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS 18 software.
In this study, the prevalence of hypocondria was 18.19%.  42 (46.7%) were healthy, and32 (35.6%), the disorder existed partly. Of the 16 personnel with this disorder, 14 personnel had mild hypocondria and 2 personnel had moderate hypocondria. There was no significant relationship between hypocondria with gender, educational status and marital status. While, the relationship between age and self-confidence was significant (P = 0.013).
In this study, a high prevalence of this disorder was observed in Compared to other global research. According to the results of this study, with the increase in age, the prevalence of hypocondria increases. The reason for this statistically significant association can be the increase in anxiety and depression which requires more extensive studies to clarify this issue.

Traditional cultures most families, encourage individuals to accept ideas and not participate in decision making.
The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of communication skills training on intra family communicative patterns among students in Ahar city.
The study had a Quasi-experimental method was used in this study with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population consisted of students studying at high schools Ahar in 90-91. The Sample size of 60 students from this community were selected by multistage cluster random sampling and then simple random sampling. And divided into two groups of 30 patients in the experimental group and the control group. Koerner and Fitzpatrick (2002) questionnaires were used to measure communication patterns. The experimental intervention (communication skills) was performed on the experimental group for 10 sessions of 70 minutes and one session per week, and after completion of the training, two groups of post-tests were performed. In order to analyze the collected data, in addition to descriptive statistics, one-way covariance analysis was used.
Communication skills training has changed the within- family communication patterns (increasing the orientation conversation and reducing orientation conformity) of the experimental group students compared with the control group.
By developing communication skills, communication patterns that have been shaped in the family can be changed and improved

Disturbance is the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
The present study was conducted with the aim of the effect of cognitive rehabilitation after medication on brain functions and behavioral symptoms of children with ADHD disorders in Ahwas.
The sample consisted of 30 persons (15 experimental group and 15 control group) of ADHD students selected by multistage random sampling. The method of pre-test, post-test training was fellow-up with the control group and for data gathering, we used a straight-line questionnaire test, section B & C tracking test, Behavioral Symptom Scale, Swanson et al.
To analyze the research hypothesizes, multivariate analysis of covariance analysis and one-variable covariance analysis (in the text of Mankvah), Bonferron’s post hoc test and SPSS software were used. The results of this study showed that cognitive rehabilitation has a positive effect on the executive functions of these children after medication and improves those functions.
Therefore, it can be concluded that cognitive rehabilitation after medication among children with hyperactivity disorder and improve the therapeutic approach.

Despite the high prevalence and unpleasant consequences of social anxiety disorder in university students, little research has been done to determine the most effective treatment for SAD.
The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effectiveness of rational-emotive and solution-focused brief therapy on reducing social anxiety symptoms.
The research method was experimental with pretest-posttest design with a control group and two experimental groups .Using convenience sampling, 45 students with social anxiety symptoms were selected. Clinical interview and social phobia inventory were conducted to make certain that they satisfied the research criteria. Then they were randomly assigned to three groups (2 experimental and 1 control groups).  The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance in SPSS-21.
Showed that rational-emotive therapy and solution-focused therapy significantly reduced symptoms of social anxiety, but rational-emotive therapy was significantly more effective than solution-focused therapy.
Rational-emotive therapy and solution-focused therapy could be used to treat social anxiety symptoms. Although results showed rational- emotional therapy might be more appropriate treatment for students with social anxiety, further research is needed to confirm the findings of present study.

Internet addiction is a behavioral dependency that person to deal with problems than it uses. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of mediator Self-esteem in the relationship among emotional dysregulation and compassion with Internet addiction. In a descriptive-correlation study, a sample of 240 students from Iran University of medical sciences was selected using cluster sampling method. Participants responded to Self-Compassion scale, Self-Esteem Scale, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Internet addiction Scale. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). For statistical analysis, Spss V. 22 and Lisrel 8.85 were used to classify, process and analyze the data and to investigate the hypotheses of the research. The evaluation of hypothetical model with fit indexes demonstrated that the hypothetical model fits the measurement model (CFI=0.98, NFI=0.98, and RMSEA=0.055). Structural relations analysis also showed emotional dysregulation and compassion indirectly through Self-Esteem over Internet addiction respectively (0/73 و -0/126(and also the results also showed that the emotional dysregulation has a direct relation to Internet addiction (0/44). Research findings showed that Self-Esteem have a mediating role in relationship between emotional dysregulation and compassion and Internet addiction. Considering these dimensions and the effectiveness of the employed mechanisms can be useful in developing efficacious preventive and therapeutic interventions for Internet addiction.

Gender dysphoria is defined as the sustained desire for or insistence on belonging to the opposite sex as well as considerable discomfort with the assigned gender and gender role.
The present study aimed to examine the role of early maladaptive schemata as cognitive factors, and the role of difficulty in emotion regulation as emotional factors in the emergence of gender dysphoria in transgender men.
This is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population included all men with gender dysphoria, visiting the Iranian Legal Medicine Organization of Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran, from 2014 to 2016, in order to follow legal proceedings for gender reassignment. Fifty participants were selected via convenience sampling, gave informed consent, and completed three questionnaires: the Gratz and Roemer’s Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the Young’s Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire-Short Form, and the Gender Identity Disorder Questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS using Pearson’s correlation and simultaneous multivariate regression.
Based on the regression analysis, the most important variable in emotion regulation was limited access to emotion regulation strategies. Moreover, with regard to early maladaptive schemata, mistrust and emotional inhibition were found to predict gender dysphoria in transsexual men.
Results revealed that the simultaneous role of cognitive and emotional factors is significant in the emergence of gender dysphoria in transsexual men.