نشریه رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 35 (بهار 1398)

Time supports the consolidation of motor sequence memories, yet it remains unclear whether time duration and doing specific task in this time, stabilizes or actually enhances motor sequence performance. The aim of this study was to investigate time duration with specific interference on consolidation human motor memory. Forty-five healthy volunteer participate performed Serial Color matching task for three blocks of 150 trials. They randomly divided into three group, 1) after one hour 2) after six hour performed finger-to-thumb opposition task 3) without any interference. All group after 24 hour participated in retention test. The result show no significant differences between acquisition and retention stages. These findings indicate rapid stabilization of implicit motor memory and interference sequential finger-to-thumb opposition task and time had no enhancement or reducer effect on implicit motor memory, but rather stabilizes motor sequence performance without producing additional gains.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that affects the gait ability, participation and quality of life of individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rhythmic visual stimulation on kinematics parameters of gait in patients with MS. 18 patients with MS (5 males and 13 females) with Expanded Disability Status Scale scores of 3 to 6 were selected by accessible and purposive sampling method. Patients were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Training for the experimental group included gait with rhythmic visual stimulation and for the control group included gait without stimulation. Training was performed for three weeks, three times a week and each session 30 minutes. Before and after training, stride length, stride time, double support time, cadence and gait speed were measured by motion analysis device. data were analyzed using covariance analysis model and boot strap non parametric method in covariance analysis model. Findings showed gait training with rhythmic visual stimulation leads to improvments: 36% in stride length, 22% in stride time, 41% in double support time, 29% in cadence and 80% in gait speed in patients with MS, but there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in improvement of stride length, stride time, double support time, cadence and gait speed (P>0.05). Therefore, gait training with rhythmic visual stimulation supposed as a complementary rehabilitation method to improve gait function in patients with MS.

The purpose of present study was to Assessment of sedentary student aerobics Learning according to cognitive styles. For this aim, 24 sedentary female students with age average (22.37) and standard deviation (1.187) were selected and divide to three groups of cognitive styles (each group 8 members). All three groups were under aerobics marathon training for 16 one-hour sessions. And learning of them were evaluated by three aerobics instructor. Data were analyzed with ANOVA (repeated measure). The results show field Independent participants have better performance (P = 0.09) compared to field dependent and nature. And their learning are more than the other two groups. So, it can be concluded field Independent participants for automatic processing, effective use of physical information and different cognitive factors may learn faster motor skills.

The present study investigated the effects of the three instructional approaches including tactical-based (TGFU), the hybrid, and the technique to tactic (traditional) on the university students’ decision-making, skill execution, support and basic techniques learning in Basketball. The study adhered to a quasi-experimental design by employing pre-, mid-, post-, retention and transfer tests to evaluate the participants’ performance over eight weeks. The participants included 45 male students, who were divided into three groups of TGFU (n=15), hybrid (n=15), and the traditional one (n=15). The treatment was designed and implemented during an 18-session practice program. The results demonstrated that TGFU and hybrid groups outperformed the third group in decision-making and support factors, while in terms of Basketball Skills Test, hybrid and traditional groups performed better. The findings suggest that tactic-based models and using a questioning process based on a modified game framework is an appropriate training method for improving game performance in male students and it seems that the progress can be more transferable to the real game situation.

The purpose study was to investigate the effect type of attentional focus and the frequency of feedback on explicit knowledge and learning of Basketball free throwing. Fifty students were selected by accessible sampling method as a research sample. Subjects after the pretest randomly assigned to five experimental groups (internal focus feedback with frequency of 100%, internal focus feedback with frequency of 33%, external focus feedback with frequency of 100%, external focus feedback with frequency of 33% and control). At the acquisition phase, Experimental groups conducted six blocks of ten attempts (each day, two blocks of ten attempts and a total of 60 attempts) per week and in three training sessions so that received attentional focus related to feedback (internal or external) with the relevant frequency (33% or 100%). After 72 hours, the retention and transfer tests with blocks of ten attempts and measurement of explicit knowledge of subjects was done. Accuracy of throwing by Hardy and Parfit method (1991) and explicit knowledge by questionnaire was evaluated. ANOVA with repeated measure showed a significant effect on the block in all experimental groups except the control group (P<0/05). Significant difference was found between the research groups in the retention and transfer tests (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference between type of explicit knowledge of the external and internal focus groups (P < 0.05). But there was no significant difference between of them (P > 0.05). The findings showed that the significant accumulation of external explicit knowledge in the external focus feedback groups prevents breakdown of automated processes.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of pairing the personality characteristic of competitiveness, non-competitiveness and training environment in observational practice on acquisition, retention and transference of dart throwing. 60 girl students of ninth grade in high school in age range of 12-15 years were selected by accessible sampling and based on their scores in Gill and Deeter Sports Orientation Questionnaire. They were put in four groups of competitive with observational practice of competition environment, competitive with observational practice of non-competition environment, non-competitive with observational practice of competition environment and non-competitive with observational practice of non-competition environment. After pretest subjects practiced four weeks and two sessions held in every week (two observations for each session) of the intended environments. Immediately after the observational practice period, acquisition test was performed for all four groups. The delayed retention and transference phases were a week after acquisition. The data was analyzed using a data covariance analysis method. There were significant differences between competitiveness and non-competitiveness subjects in competitive and noncompetitive environment in retention and transfer tests. The mean of scores were better in subjects with the same personality characteristics with environment situation. According to interaction view, when the level of competitiveness and exercise environment competition level are in a correct and positive interaction, the best level of performance will be achieved.

For measuring motor balance and mobility we need reliable & valid instrument witch adapted with culture. The present study aims to assess psychometric features of a Persian version of 4-Item dynamic gait index test for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS; with/without history of falling). By taking a survey-based approach, 55 MS patients in year 2016 from Yazd were randomly selected and complete Persian version of 4-Item dynamic gait index test. Face validity was confirmed through translation-retranslation. Construct validity was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) while internal consistency and temporal reliability were evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlation, respectively. Our findings indicate desirable fit of the Persian version of 4-Item dynamic gait index test for MS patients. Indices of fit (RMSEA=0.08, CFI=0.99, TLI= 0.97), internal consistency (0.93), and temporal reliability (P ≥ 0.70) suggest proper validity and reliability of the Persian version of 4-Item dynamic index for MS patients. The results showed that the Persian version of 4-Item dynamic gait index is a valid and reliable instrument for MS patients that can be used in clinical, treatment, and research settings to identify MS patients prone to the risk of falling.

The aim of present research was comparing the effects of parenting styles on fundamental motor skills of five to six years old children. One hundred ten children from the kindergartens of Tehran have been chosen through multistage cluster sampling. Robinson Parenting Styles Questionnaire and Test of Gross Motor Development were used to assess parenting styles (Authoritative, Authoritarian and Permissive) and fundamental movement skills respectively. Results showed that effects of parenting styles on fundamental motor skills are different based on the gender; in this way boys in permissive parenting style and girls in authoritarian parenting style were better (P < 0.05). Therefore, regarding relationship between parenting styles and fundamental motor skills some proceedings should be implemented in order to increasing parent's knowledge about how to behave to their children.