مجله روانشناسی ورزش
سال سوم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1390)

In this study, the effect of two types of maximum and under maximum activities on the depth perception has been compared in students (12 to 15 years old). Hence, the number of 97 subjects volunteered to participate in study. After Enselen testing, 87 people who had 10/10 vision was chosen and randomly were divided into three groups of maximum activity, under maximum activity and control. After pretesting, maximum activity group performed test of 12 minutes running-walking. We selected people who could do it more than 2200 meters and their heart rate was Mean  1 SD. In the under Maximum activity group subjects performed test of 540 meters.We selected subjects who their hearts rate was Mean  1 SD. Depth perception device (manufactured by Lafayette Company) was used for assessment. The method of data analysis is repeated measure. The results showed that in binocular conditions there was significant difference between under maximum group and other groups (p=0.008). And also there was not a significant difference between the maximum and control groups. While in the right eye condition there was not significant difference between the three groups (p=0.085) and this shows that the difference in the binocular condition is effected by the type of activity on the non permier eye. Overall, this study shows that in under maximum activity condition, depth perception greatly impressed. And this important function of vision reduced. It seems because depth perception is a function of the brain, it is affected by changes in oxygen supply to the brain tissue and it leads to reduced performance.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of contextual interference on learning discrete and continuous motor tasks with the same and different generalized motor programs, with the meta-analysis approach. studies as an electronic search and manual search (in reservoirs thesis of University of Tehran, Shahid Beheshti University, Tarbiat Moalem Tehran and Shahid Chamran Ahvaz) were collected. In present study, 18 studies were selected for analysis. Experiments conducted in these studies were divided into four categories based on task type: a) experiments with discrete tasks with same generalized motor programs, b) experiments with discrete tasks with different generalized motor programs, c) experiments with continuous tasks with same generalized motor programs and d) experiments with continuous tasks with different generalized motor programs. The results of this meta-analysis showed that contextual interference had devastative effects on performance in the acquisition phase in all four experiment categories. But contextual interference was created better performance in retention phase in all four experiment categories. The contextual interference had beneficial effects in experiments with discrete tasks with different generalized motor program and continuous tasks with same generalized motor program. In transfer phase, contextual interference had not been created significance effect on performance in experiments with discrete tasks with same generalized motor program and created devastative effect on performance in experiment with continuous tasks with different generalized motor program. Results revealed that the contextual interference effects are different in continuous and discrete tasks with different and same generalized motor programs.

The aim of this Study was to investigate the relationship between Perceived motor Competence and Actual Motor Competence in Second to Fourth Grade Boys and Girls. In this study, 78 Females with mean age of 6.8 and 81 Males with mean age of 7.8 who were randomly selected from Schools in the two Cities of Kerman. The Athletic Competence Subscale of Self-perception Profile for Children (SPPC) was used for Evaluate Perceived Motor Competence and Actual Motor Competence was assessed test of gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2). For data Analysis were used Pearson correlation coefficients to determine the Relationship Between these two variables in boys and girls. The findings of this study indicated there is a low correlation but significant between perceived motor competence and actual motor competence in girls and boys. The results showed that children are unable to assess their motor competence accurately, that is probably due to lack of enough movement experiences or inadequacy of physical education programs.

The aim of this study was to investigate athletes' expectations toward sport psychology in addition to barriers to sport psychologists practice. A total of 365 elite athletes attending different national teams and primer leagues were asked to complete expectations checklist and barriers questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were reported; furthermore association between expectations and independent variables analyzed by Qi-square and association between barriers and independent variables analyzed by analysis of variance. The result showed that 72.2% of participants preferred the individual counseling rather than other kinds such as group counseling to deal with psychologists. Seeing a sport psychology consultant, 33.5% had serious interest to talk about personal concerns while 58.9% were interested in talking about performance concerns. Furthermore, the most important barriers against sport psychologists were lack of sports knowledge in psychologists and lack of knowledge of sport psychology in athletes followed by lack of clarity in psychological services. Current study indicated that athletes had a preference for individual counseling and they believed that inadequate information among athletes and psychologists were the major barriers to progress of sport psychology in Iran.

Individuals focus of attention can have significant effect on performance and learning of motor skills. Given discipline to the informative sources environment and action preparation cause to increasing the motor output which determine the coordination of movement, response precision and movement execution. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects instructions of internal and external focus of attention suprapostural task on performance and learning of postural control. In this study were participated voluntarily, 33 male students with age 21.121.43 from Ferdowsi university of Mashhad. They divided randomly into three groups (n=11) external, internal and control group.The participants were asked to maintain their postural control on Biodex Balance System by attention on supra-postural task. Instructions included focus of attention on the bar (external focus), hands (internal focus) and no instructions (control). Data analysis was done with one-way ANOVA and tukey post hoc test. The results showed that mean difference between scores of overall stability was significant in three groups to the acquisition phase (p=0.002), whereas the mean difference between three groups was not significant in the retention phase (p=0.054). Also, tukey test showed the predominance of external focus group in execution the suprapostural task. We concluded that external attention instructions on suprapostural task leads to better postural control than internal attention instructions.

The purpose of the present study was survey has examined the effect of two individual psychological variables include self-confidence and motivation of players, and two social psychological variables include team cohesion and collective efficacy on performance of student's volleyball teams.

Players from 10 teams (n=120) that participated in volleyball competitions of AZAD university's (region 10) completed the 4 questionnaires comprised group environment questionnaire (Carron et al, 1985), Collective efficacy (Feltz & Lirgg, 1998), trait sport-confidence inventory (Villay, 1986), and Intrinsic motivation questionnaire (McAuley, 1986). Data were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient, one way ANOVA and Tukey Post hoc test. For evaluation of team performance, the schedule of competition in end of competitions was divided to three parts. The first four teams were considered as successful teams, the second three ones were considered as less successful teams, and the third three ones were considered as unsuccessful teams.

Results showed that athletes from successful teams rated high in self-confidence and collective efficacy than less successful and unsuccessful teams. There is no significant difference between athletes self-confidence of less successful teams than unsuccessful teams. Also, findings revealed that there were no significant differences between athlete's intrinsic motivation and cohesion level of successful, less successful and unsuccessful teams. At last result showed there is positive and significant correlation between collective efficacy with players Confidence (r=0.41) and players intrinsic motivation with team cohesion (r=0.41).

Overall, findings supported the effect of some of individual characteristic and team dynamics on team performance and success.

There are some psychological factors such as motivation and cognitive skills which affect significantly on athletic performance in different levels of competition. This study aimed to examine relationship between perceived motivational climate and performance elite and non-elite athletes in reaction time, anticipation and coordination. the method of research was correlation coefficient. Hence 44 elite and non elite under graduated athletes (Mean age=24±7) selected among team and individual sports randomly. The PMCSQ-2, Multi-choice reaction time, Bassin anticipation and two hand coordination apparatuses used in this study. The descriptive statistics were used to report scores of athletes in variables and Pierson correlation test was applied to study the relation between perceived motivational climate and perceptual-motor skills (P≤0.05). The results showed that there was significant correlation between task-oriented climate with reaction time (p=0.021), anticipation (p=0.030) and coordination precise (p=0.047). According to this findings and similar studies, athletic performance is influenced by mental characteristics vividly. It is suggested that task oriented motivational climate be created in educational environments to help clients to promote their motivation. This condition can improve information processing and coordination of neuro-muscular system.