نشریه پدافند غیر عامل و امنیت
پیاپی 20 (پاییز 1396)

Water and food security are among the  vital issues for countries that are trying to have food independence. At present, Iran is one of the major importers of strategic products (wheat, rice, corn, sugar) that has been exacerbated in recent decades due to numerous droughts and has caused environmental, economic and security problems (ethnicity, degradation). In the western parts of Iran, Arvand watershed (from small Zab to Karun) has a water surplus. Therefore, in order to provide water, land managment and food security of the country, we can manage the proper hydro-polytechnic in the watershed of Arvandrood (Shat-e-Al-Arabi), In addition to strengthening land management and irrigation of fertile lands of the country, the country's food security will be provided. This study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and a library collection method in which the hydro-polytechnic of the watershed of Arvandrood and its effects on food security in Iran have been studied. The results indicated that ,the proper hydro-polytechnic management in the watershed of Arvandrood (Shatt al-Arab), could  provide the food security to our country. In this regard some useful suggestions  are  presented at the end of this study.

Creating fundamental changes in the defense (military or civilian) structure over time is a function of human access to modern technology in various sciences and has inevitably required the need for a review of tactics and techniques of the past. Defense does not always mean defensive positions in a direct confrontation with the enemy (although such conditions may be inevitable), but it can easily be prevented from detecting, tracking, or targeting by the enemy, using new scientific methods within the framework of passive defense measures. This action is fundamentally, very rational, cost-effective and sustainable. Passive defense is a set of actions taken without warfare and their implementation prevents the loss of financial and equipment and casualties, target society, facilities and equipment, and minimizes damage and losses. The passive defense is in fact a set of measures, actions and plans that are self-reliant and taken using tools, conditions and even without human resources. Such actions, on the one hand, will increase the defense capability of the system during the crisis, and on the other hand, reduces the consequences of the crisis and provides the  possibility of rehabilitation of damaged areas at the lowest cost. This study  aims at raising the question of what is  the role of SAHEFAJA in expanding the knowledge of passive defense in the country. And it was  hypothesized that SAHEFAJA  is contributing to develop the knowledge of passive defense, using the available capacity. Using the experiences of the officials  in the field of passive defense, and also by examining the conditions of the existing situation as well as using the opinions of experts in this field in the form of a questionnaire, the ways of improving the knowledge of passive defense by SAHEFAJA among the  Iranian population in general and the Iranian army in particular  , are explained and the  related executive suggestions are provided.

Cities are the most important population centers and have many infrastructures which are often threatened as the most important military targets in the time of military threats. Consequently  choosing a location with an appropriate security  consideration  can make a significant reduction in Damage and casualties  in the time of military strikes. In fact, locating cities is one of the main principles of passive defense, which should be considered seriously in identifying the location of demographic centers and infrastructures. Northeastern region Due to its neighboring with Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, and also the existence of important population centers, including the second largest metropolitan area of the country, is of great importance. Therefore, in this study, considering the security approach and geographic capacities, efforts were made  to find a suitable location for cities in the northeast of the country . This is an applied study in which  a descriptive-analytic method was used. the data from this research has been extracted from Landsat 5 satellite imagery, digital maps, Google Earth images and field studies.During this process, the Idrisi, Google Earth and GIS software were employed to   analyze these images. The results of these analysis process show that due to the role of seven natural factors, including: gas turbulence, soil type , Water supply network, climate, slope, orientation, elevation and height, and geomorphologic factor,  are among the most important factors   in the passive defense of the north and northwest regions of Iran, and the south, south-east and east regions are not suitable  areas for locating cities.

Regarding the purpose and nature of this study, it can be claimed that the research is an applied one, and the researcher has been thinking that by identifying the factors influencing the "promotion of passive defense  training in Iranian soldiers" and by presenting executive suggestions, the problems of "passive defense training "could be  reduced In the armed forces ".  From this perspective the study sought to find the answer to the current problem and to apply results in this regard; Therefore, the creation of scientific thinking and the application of research in current affairs ,forms the basis of such a work, and the researcher thought that it solves the problem and improves the level of the quality of passive defense training of the soldiers in  the armed forces. In other words, this study examined the status quo and provide a systematic description of its present state in an optimal manner. Finally, according to the views of experienced  and experts in military sciences, and also on the basis of data analysis, it was found that the vast majority of surveyed respondents believed that teachers and trainers, teaching aids and equipment, curriculum and motivational learners are the  factors affecting the promotion of  passive defense  training among the soldiers.

The Islamic Republic of Iran has always preferred a defense approach to offensive approach in order to securing its border, and has used a variety of strategies; one of these strategies has been to strengthen internal capacity and to focus on the internal environment. In this way, passive defense can play an important role as an inexpensive and productive way. The main question of this study is that: how passive defense plays a role in promoting the security of the Islamic Republic of Iran? And the hypothesis of this research is that passive defense with the reduction of vulnerability, increased deterrence and crisis management lead to the promotion of defense security in the country. In addition, in this study, the role of passive defense in the defensive security has been investigated using correlation method. In this regard, through field and library studies, a researcher-made questionnaire including 20 questions was developed and distributed among members of the sample society. The validity of the questionnaire was approved  using the face validity method, and the reliability of the questionnaire was determined as 0.92 using Cronbach's alpha, which  shows the high reliability and credibility of the questionnaire. The results of the data from the questionnaires, using the Chi square test,  indicate that "passive defense with vulnerability reduction functions, increasing  deterrence, and crisis management can lead to the improvement of defensive security of the Islamic Republic of Iran."