نشریه پدافند غیر عامل و امنیت
پیاپی 23 (تابستان 1397)

The present study aims to identify passive defense considerations in the sustainability of fuel supply in critical situations caused by threats. The research question is: What are the main considerations of the passive defense of fuel sustainability in critical situations? It was also hypothesized that; Basic considerations of passive defense in fuel supply sustainability include retrofitting, parallelization, decentralization and crisis management. This is an applied research in which a descriptive method was used. Methods and tools for collecting information in this research are questionnaires, interviews and observations. The sample population of the study consisted of 77 experts, managers and elites specializing in the field of passive defense, oil industry, refining and distribution of petroleum products, which were selected based on the Cochran formula. In this study, a questionnaire was developed for the purpose of asset valuation, threat assessment and assessment of vulnerability, impact assessment and the provision of passive defense measures in fuel supply sustainability, and its reliability was confirmed to be 0.91, based on Cronbach’s alpha formula. Moreover, validity of the questionnaire was approved based on expert validity, using the ideas and opinions of a group of experts consisting of 15 oil industry experts. The findings of the study showed that the main considerations of passive defenses in the sustainability of fuel supply in the most important assets of this area (refineries, transfer centers and oil depots) and based on its most important threats (terrorist threat / sabotage, cyber and military attacks) and the most vulnerable (Balance of production versus consumption, inappropriate dispersion, large scale, dependence on technology and external equipment) are: Hardware and software upgrades and hardening , decentralization based on land consolidation and preparation, parallelization and reduction of units, and creating a comprehensive crisis management in the production, transmission and distribution of fuel.

The purpose of this study is to determine the passive defense requirements for localization of industrial automation in the oil industry. It was hypothesized that the “localization requirements of industrial automation in the oil industry are divided into software and hardware components”. The leading research question was that “what the requirements of localization of industrial automation are in the oil industry”. In this descriptive-analytic research, the data collection tools were a researcher-made questionnaire, observation and library documentation. The statistical population of this study consists of 35 specialists, managers and experts in the field of passive defense in the oil industry who are among the academics, passive defense experts, experts in the industrial automation and instrument control industry, and senior managers and senior industrial experts in oil industry. The findings of the study indicated that the most important indices of the localization of industrial automation in the oil industry, against cyber-attacks and sanctions effects are in two parts: “Software requirements for the localization of industrial automation with components such as human resources , knowledge adding resources and road mapping,” and “hardware requirements for industrial automation with components such as laboratory network, calibration centers, knowledge developing companies, general contractor, and quality certification network “, and based on the highest average rankings, they are ranked as follows ,respectively:1. The importance of providing, upgrading and maintaining a professional and efficient human resource for the design and continuation of activities in the field of industrial automation.
2. The use of modern technologies for the protection of industrial automation equipment against electronic, magnetic, and cyber attacks.

Religious doctrines are full of verses and narratives which show that ,without a flourishing and developed economy, the individual and social life of humans, is very difficult , and a great deal of effort with divine motives, in such a way as to cause economic independence and the lack of community needs for the presence of foreigners, makes people proud. The passive defense has a special relationship with the issue of resistance economy and the country’s position on the path to development and achieving economic prosperity. Development, by definition, means gradual growth in order to become more advanced, more powerful and even greater. Today, we perceive development as a comprehensive process that seeks to improve all dimensions of the life of a people in a society, and its various dimensions are: economic development, political development, cultural, social and security development, and none of them has priority over another. Professionalism in the field of economics and the unprecedented development of the role of academic economists as advisor in policy-making, took place after World War II, and in many cases the ultimate goal of research, instead of theoretical motivation, is gradually toward empirical motivation (including military issues).In this study, we consider the influence of the passive defense on the country’s economic growth and development, and have a look at the formation of resistance economy theories from the beginning, with the focus of the threat theory and the supreme leader’s notion of resistance economy.

Basically, security in a region plays an effective role in the national and international security of the region and also plays an important role in expanding international security. With the advent of the twenty-first century and the expansion of the security spheres and its further integration with other dimensions of human life, regional security has attracted the attention of the major global and regional powers, and has led to ever-increasing competition in the field of security change and arrangements. And consequently changed the regional order and security. One of the most important areas of the world that has always been considered in the security spheres is the West Asian region. Extending the region and the presence of numerous regional and transregional actors and their efforts to maximize their contribution to regional security developments has increased security costs in the region and has become an area for security rivalries in the security field. Iran, as one of the most important countries in the region, has played an active role in the Middle East security developments in recent years and is trying to stabilize security and eliminate security threats from the region. Therefore, in the present study, we are going to answer the following question: what are the geopolitical interests for Iran in the Middle East that has encouraged Iran to secure the region and spend on it? In other words, what is the geopolitics of the Middle East related to security issues and Iran’s greater attention to regional security? Therefore, this study is an attempt to address this research question by using an analytic approach and utilizing geopolitical and security theories and using library and internet resources.

In order to have an optimize planning to achieve the best possible outcome of passive defense measures, and consequently improve the combat power, this study aimed to identify the passive defense model that affects the combat power. The main research question of the study is that; “What are the components of “ passive defense model that effects the combat power? In this study, which was conducted using descriptive method, after conducting exploratory studies and interviewing several of the top-level experts who were the top officials, a conceptual model, in a form of a questionnaire, was developed, and distributed among the statistical community which consists of 38 specialist experts related to the subject, in order to confirm, prioritize and weigh the components of the model. After the analysis, the results showed five main dimensions, 15 factors and 105 indicators, from which strategic management (20%), organizational structure (14%), human resources (29%), knowledge and technology (16%) and backup resources (21%), form the macro dimensions of passive defense model affecting the combat capability.