مجله زیست فناوری گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 26 (تابستان 1398)

Rice is the most important source of food for more than half of the world's population. Currently, Hashemi rice has the highest area under rice in Guilan province and is better than other varieties in terms of cooking quality and customer satisfaction. In this study, for the study the genetic diversity of 20 Hashemi cultivars genotypes and two varieties as control (Hashemi and gowhar- introduced by the Rice Research Institute of Iran), 21 polymorphic markers, morphological traits and grain quality were used. The results showed that all of studied traits had a significant difference at 1% level. The cluster analysis with the help of software R divided the studied genotypes into four groups. Based on the data from 21 markers, in total, 96 alleles were detected with the average of 4.57 alleles per locus. The highest number of alleles was observed in markers RM19 and RM1109 with 6 alleles and minimum number of alleles in marker RM249 with 3 alleles. The average number of effective alleles was 3.97. The RM249 had the lowest value of 2.25 and the RM413 and RM1109 markers had the highest values of 5.65 and 5.21, respectively. The average value of polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.69 for SSR markers. Based on cluster analysis by using Jaccard coefficient and UPGMA method on the SSR markers, the genotypes were grouped in 4 clusters. In general, the results of cluster analysis of morphological traits and microsatellite markers were in good agreement and they could group individuals based on their geographical origin. Understanding the genetic diversity can further help to breeders in their breeding programs, especially in purification the best genotypes and preserving these genotypes in Iran's rice gene bank.

Intracellular polyamine contents are regulated not only by biosynthesis and transport but also by catabolism through FAD dependent polyamine oxidases (PAOs). The results of various studies on PAO proteins in developmental processes and response to environmental stresses confirm the importance of this protein in plant life; however, there is no comprehensive study of phylogenetic and structural relationships of plant PAOs. In the present study, to better understand phylogenetic and structural relationships of PAO proteins, bioinformatics analyses were performed on 58 PAO protein sequences of 15 different plant species. Multiple clusters with gene duplications were identified in both dicot and monocot-species. According to the conserved motifs obtained by MEME and MAST tools, four motifs were similar in most plant species. As there is no structural information available on PAOs, structural analyses were carried out on PAOs from Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana as representative of monocot and dicot plants, respectively. Secondary structure analysis revealed that alpha helix dominated among secondary structure elements followed by random coils, extended strand and beta turns for all sequences. Tertiary structures were predicted with SWISS-MODEL server. The best templates with high similarity that their structure determined by experimental methods were selected. To our knowledge, this is the first report of phylogenetic and structural relationships of plant PAOs. Our results may provide a theoretical basis for future studies of functional and structural details of plants PAOs.

Genetic diversity is of great importance for breeding programs. In order to study the genetic diversity of 102 different rice genotypes based on seedling traits and molecular experiments, an experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The studied traits including Plumule length, radicle length, length of the largest leaf, width of the largest leaf, number of root, fresh shoot weight, fresh weight of root and root volume, and dry weight of shoot, dry weight of root were measured. The average of the Polymorphic of information content (PIC) was estimated to be 0.2716, indicating RM1029 with the of least 0.175 and the RM216 with the highest of 0.435 (PIC). The results of Association analysis between microsatellite marker and seeding traits at normal condition indicated that the RM60B allele for root length, RM127A allele for root, RM231G allele for the fresh weight of the stem explained high percentage of variations. In saline condition, RM129H allele for stem length trait, RM12091 B allele for root attribute, RM263G allele for stem fresh weight, RM127C allele for width of largest leaf explained high percentage of phenotypic variations and were identified as important markers. The results of this experiment can be used in breeding programs.

One way to assessing the validity of recognized markers is studing the consistency of case grouping based on molecular markers and phenotypic data obtained from the normal and drought stress conditions. In this study in order to assessing probable relationship between SSR molecular markers and drought tolerance indices in studding genotypes and grouping these genotypes based on SSR molecular markers and tolerance indices, 40 rice genotypes was used based on randomized complete block design with three replications in both normal and stress conditions. In addition, 26 microsattelite markers in relation with drought tolerance were used. Our results showed that 128 polymorphic alleles with 4.92 mean allele for each marker locus were amplified. The highest PIC value related to RM5672 (0.829) and the least related to RM523 (0.047). The corelation analysis between yield and tolerance indices in both two conditions confirmed that four indices; mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI) and yield index (YI) were the best indices for sensitive and tolerant genotype discrimination. Grouping of genotypes based on cluster analysis using WARD method divided all of studding genotypes into three groups including tolerant, semi tolerant and sensitive. Considering the higher values of second group than the mean of the above indicators, they were introduced as tolerant genotypes, which often included upland genotypes and a Hashemi genotype. Based on our results thre firs group represent semi tolerant genotypes ant the third group represents sensitive genotypes. The cluster analysis based on microsatellite markers also divided genotypes into two groups. Comparison of these two types of grouping showed a significant correlation between them, so that in both groups the Hashemi genotype showed close proximity to the upland genotypes and was associated with them in one group.

Damping-off is one of the major diseases of Phaseolus vulgaris in different parts of the country. Because damping-off agents are soil-borne, the use of chemical methods had not satisfactory results, therefore, in recent years much attention has been paid to the biological struggle, especially the use of Trichoderma fungi. One of the Trichoderma mechanism is the induction of the plant's defense system. In this research, five spices of Trichoderma harzaianum, T. viride, T. Konigi, T. atroviride, T. virense were used to induce resistance of bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris) against Rhizoctonia solani. In order to investigate the effect of mutation induction in the Trichoderma genome on the rate of plant resistance induction, five superior mutants (from each Trichoderma spices) were used for treatment of plants. The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications. Yield, malondialdehyde, proline, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and protein concentration in treated plants in greenhouse condition were evaluated. The data from the evaluations showed that the mutants of these Trichoderma species decrease the diseases incidence more than the same wild type Trichoderma species, which lead to increase the bio control potential of mutant based bio-fungicides in competitive with wild type based or chemical compounds. The amount of soluble protein, enzymes activity, chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids increased in Trichoderma treatments compared to control (pathogen treatment). The results of these experiments showed that seed coating formulations (mutant and wild) had better efficiency than other formulations for controlling damping-off disease and resistance induction in bean plant.

In order to mapping additive and epistatic QTL and their interaction with environment for traits related to spike characteristics using a RILs population of wheat, comprising 148 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between two winter wheat cultivars, ‘YecoraRojo’ and ‘No. 49’, was evaluated in two locations in Iran (Miandoab and Mahabad) during 2014-2016. A linkage map including 177 microsatellite and 51 retrotransposon markers was used in this study. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were determined using QTL Network 2.0 software based on the CIM and mixed-linear method. In the present study, the highest broad (58.31%) and narrow-sense (29.15%) heritability was measured for spikelet number per spike and the lowest broad (51.28%) and narrow-sense (25.64%) heritability was detected for spike length. Results of QTL analysis showed that in normal condition, one QTL (R2A= 1.54%), one QTL×E (R2AE= 4.40%), 2 additive × additive epistatic effects (R2AA= 0.44- 0.4%) and 6 QTL × QTL×E interactions (R2AAE= 8.24-9.7%) were significant. In water deficit condition, 1 additive × additive interactions (R2AA= 4%) and 3 QTL × QTL × E interactions (R2AAE= 6.98%) were identified. In average of two conditions, two QTL (R2A= 0.78%), 1 QTL×E (R2AE= 5.15%), 10 additive × additive epistatic effects (R2AA= 0.02-7.9%) and 14 QTL × QTL × E interactions (R2AAE= 0.86-8.92%), were significant which can be due to the high number of QTLs with low effects and also environmental effects.