نشریه پدافند غیر عامل و امنیت
پیاپی 13 (تابستان 1394)

One of the constant concerns of passive defense activists has always been the feasibility of defensive strategies proposed by the advisors, and also how much immunity for infrastructure will be provided by implementation of passive defense measures in terms of increasing deterrence and reducing vulnerability. There are many useful plans and proposals in terms of the philosophy of passive defense, but not applicable in the context and current infrastructure Iran. Therefore, in order to make passive defense strategies feasible and measure the effectiveness of such strategies vis-a-vis their costs, the best way is to combine the concepts of passive defense and value engineering, so that with presenting a model of value engineering, a creative ,practical , and organized approach with the aim of identifying unnecessary costs and enhancing the effectiveness of the total solutions will be created. This descriptive –analytical study, using library studies and a questionnaire aimed to develop indicators to measure the compatibility of passive defense strategies and suggest a conceptual process for evaluating and selecting the passive defense strategies, through which the values of passive defense strategies will be measured. The findings of this study indicate that passive defense strategies should be measured from the perspective of effectiveness which contains two indices (the ability to reduce the probability of risks and difficulties in establishment of the risks) and from the perspective of performance that included six indicators (cost of implementation, ways of implementation, time implementation, employer’s ideas, required training and continuing activity, and after that they should be prioritized and implemented according to their value in the relevant infrastructure.

Due to change in enemy approach from classic warfare to irregular (asymmetric) warfare,and considering the enemy attack scenarios to water infrastructure by using a semi-hard and soft threats, biological threats can be assumed as basic threats. Knowing that, the main purpose of this article is to evaluate major vulnerabilities of Jalalieh Tehran Water Treatment Plant against biological threats. Accordingly, the amount and extent of the damages of biological threat to any component of plant were estimated and after that assessment of the possible risk was carried out. Based on the conducted analysis, the most vulnerable sections of facilities are the water channel, clarifier, clear water tank and filters, respectively. Furthermore, the most effective biological threats are Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma, respectively. The study is a cross-sectional and exploratory one, and instrument used for data collection was questionnaire for library and field studies. Moreover the information was processed by combination of vulnerability assessment namely; RMKP and FMA 452 .

Rational use of geomorphological terrain to protect our equipment and troops, or by slowing down the movement and reducing the sight of the enemy, is considered an important factor in passive defense. Identification of these terrains is essential for construction of infrastructure systems during the peace time. Given the current situation of the South West Asia, securing the borders of the country is essential. The study area for this research includes borders of the North East part of the country which are shared borders between Iran and Turkmenistan. And considering the strategic position of Iran and also the possibility of penetrating the enemy forces from the borders, attending to the security in these areas is of great importance. This study seeks to analyze the relationship between geomorphological terrains and the phenomenon of defense and passive defense in the north East borders of the country, and investigate the role of active formations resulting from geomorphological processes in the study area in spatial planning. This study was conducted based on the library and experimental studies and processing satellite images. Graphical part was done with GIS software, and the analysis of Earth systems was attained using the SWOT method. The results show that the study area is very diverse in terms of geomorphology terrains, and a technical planning for locating facilities, based on spatial planning, can provide the future security. In comparison with other Geomorphological terrains , Strait and gullies are more important regarding the passive defense and have many capabilities in terms of defense applications.

The purpose of this writing was to study the role of the Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari nomads in the area of inhibition of the enemy in passive defense viewpoint. Accordingly, the question is that “what is the role of Bakhtiari nomads in inhibiting the enemy and securing Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province against the threats and attacks of the enemy?. Moreover, It was hypothesized that "Bakhtiari nomads regarding the specific characteristics of ethnic, cultural, religious, territorial affiliations and familiarity with strategic parts of the province, play a key role in inhibiting the enemy and securing the province." Further, to accept or reject the hypothesis, in addition to library studies, a questionnaire consisting of 40 items was developed and distributed. Furthermore, to analyze the obtained responses, T-test with a confidence level of 95% was used. The results of library information and analysis of the questionnaires showed that the Bakhtiari nomads because of integrity in compliance with the Shiite school ,following the Islamic leader, patriotism , having knowledge and presence in the impassable parts of the Province, warrior, adherence to tribal traditions, obeying their elders and obeying the central government, play a positive and constructive role in the deterrence and aggression of the enemy against the region and the province and therefore , they are considered as valuable human resources for securing the region.

This study aimed to "clarify the feasibility of using the model of crisis management petrochemical industries” CCPS» formed. A researcher using descriptive - analysis research has tried to describe the objective, real, regular and purpose of this research payes. Data collection tools in the research library of the researcher made questionnaire. Due to limited research to the field of crisis management and petrochemical industries need to be familiar with the process threats, the members of the statistical population of this area, and also the principles of passive defense in opposition to the emergency and crisis management, the Statistical population is consisted of 30 experts in safety, and crisis management, passive defense and crisis management of the petrochemical industry and the population as the sample size was statistically analyzed. Researcher has tried to use the information in the second season provides a conceptual model for explaining the feasibility of crisis management in the petrochemical industries. After the identification and extraction of common models and global requirements of the Emergency Management process industries, With regard to the views of the experts, the requirements of the four phases of prevention, preparedness, response and recovery were feasibility. And CCPS model parameters using a self-made questionnaire with 19 closed items, was set up. And were provided safety professionals, passive defense and crisis management of the petrochemical industry. And the results were analyzed by SPSS software analysis. The results show that due to the petrochemical industry expert opinions and analysis requirements and examine the different models, and while the review of advantages and defects, and limitations of each structure; the CCPS model was selected as the base of the work. In the end, depending on the model and its implications, a check list for audit system was designed and produced. And according to the check list, a petrochemical complex were audited. So the feasibility of the proposed requirements, are examined. According to surveys conducted through review of documentation, interviews with staff and review the field, the CCPS crisis management model in the industry was studied, enforce and implement determined.

Due to the dramatic growth of information and communication technology in the current century, developing and applying technology throughout the country, specifically in the field of defense is badly needed. On the other hand, threats relevant to this domain in forms of military war and cyber attacks will target the vital infrastructure of the county. This paper aimed to identify the requirements of passive defense against cyber attacks, with focusing on the security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this descriptive – analytic research, library study and field method were used to collect the data. The analysis of the results showed that the localization of hardware and software required for computer networks, obeying principles of passive defense, establishing a security layer in computer networks, preventive measures such as training and informing the employees of the Army are among the requirements of passive defense against cyberspace threats.