مجله به نژادی گیاهان زراعی و باغی
سال چهارم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

In this research, effects of calcium bicarbonate on some characteristics of M7, M9, M25, M26, MM106 and MM111 rootstocks using factorial experiment based on complete randomized block design with three replications was evaluated during 2012- 2013. Three level of calcium bicarbonate (0, 7.5 and 15 mM) were used on one year old M7,M9, M25,M26,MM106 and MM111 rootstocks grown in perlite: cocopite (1:1) medium. The results showed that the different levels of calcium bicarbonate had deferent effect on studied traits. Calcium bicarbonate, especially 15 mM reduced height, trunk diameter, dry and fresh matter weight, chlorophyll and carotenoid content of rootstock. But increased ion leakage, proline and carbohydrate content in apple vegetative rootstocks. In total, the traits measured showed that M9 and M26 rootstocks were tolerant and susceptible to the high calcium bicarbonate concentrations respectively.

Due to the increasing of saline lands and the lack of suitable lands for agriculture, the identification of tolerant medicinal plants to salinity is very important. In this research were studied the seeds laboratory characteristics of different ecotypes of cumin in the Research Laboratory of Birjand University under salt stress and normal conditions in 2014. The experiment was carried out as a factorial in a completely randomized design with two factors and three replications. Factor A included 10 ecotypes (Sabzevar, Khousf, Quchan, Sarayan, Kashmar, Gonabad, Zirkooh, Esfarayen, Tabas and Torbate Jam) and factor B included five levels of salinity of NaCl (One, three, five, seven and nine ds/m). Analysis of variance showed that different ecotypes had significant differences at the 1% level in all traits, except seedling dry weight, and radicle/shoot length ratio. In general, most of traits decreased with increasing salinity levels. Ecotype × stresses interactions comparisons showed that the Kashmar and Ghoochan ecotypes at three dS/m and Esfarayen and Gonabad ecotypes at one and five dS/ m had highest and lowest amount of measured traits, respectively. Cluster analysis at 1 and 9 ds/m levels grouped ecotypes into three major groups. Group 1 (Kashmar, Zirkooh, Sarayan, Torbate Jam, Tabas, Gonabad and Sabzevar) and group 3 (Khousf and Sabzevar) had maximum resistance to salinity stress at 1 ds/m and 9 ds/m levels, respectively. At 3 ds/m level, ecotypes were classified in four group, in which the group 3 (Sabzevar, Kashmar and Gonabad) had maximum resistance. At 5 and 7 ds/m levels were recognized four main groups of ecotypes and in both level, group 4 (Sabzevar) had maximum resistance. In general, ecotype Sabzevar had the highest resistance at all levels of salinity.

In this experiment the mitotic inhibitore colchicine was evaluated for tetraploid induction of Poinssetia (Euphorbia pulcherrima var. pendora red). The regenerated shoot tip explants were induced with 0.00, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1% ( w/v) concentrations of colchicine for 6, 12 and 20 hours, respectively. The most effective treatment was 0.1% colchicine for 12 hours with polyploidy induction rate of 33.0%. The stomata size of tetraploids (18.23× 5.37μm) was significantly larger than that of diploids (12.1× 4.31 μm) but the stomata density of tetraploids (14.89 mm2 ) was significantly lower than that of diploids (23.10 mm2). Compared with diploids, tetraploids had thicker, wider, shorter, rougher and deeper-colorful leaves, fewer roots, shorter shoots and slower growth. Control plants that were considered as diploid  plants showed 2n = 2x =28 chromosome number whereas treated plants with 1 w/v % and 6 hours colchicine, showed doubled the number of chromosomes (2n = 4x = 56) who were identified as tetraploid plants. The leaf and the stoma characteristics and chromosome counting could be regarded as helpful indexes to identify colchicine-induced tetraploids in Poinssetia.

This investigation was carried out to determine the conversion and growth ability of artificial seeds derived from encapsulation of sunflower shoot tips in different substrates as factorial based completely randomized design with five replications, in tissue culture laboratory of Kermanshah Agriculture Research Center in 2013. Shoot tips excised from in vitro proliferated sunflower plantlets were encapsulated in three percent sodium alginate and 100 mM CaCl2.2H2O. Determination the effect of using nutrients and plant growth regulators, alginate matrix supplement with three different matrixes include distilled water, liquid MS medium and liquid MS medium whit tow mg/l BA and tow mg/l IAA. Synthetic seeds were transferred on hormone-free MS medium and two commercial substrates mixture of cocopeat, perlite (1:1) or cocopeat, perlite and peat moss (1:1:1) for generation and growth ability evaluation. Using of MS nutrients and plant growth regulators in calcium alginate beads significantly improved encapsulated explants growth. Maximum percentage response for conversion of synthetic seeds was 100 percent that was achieved from in vitro culture on MS medium and directly culture in ex vitro condition caused to decrease the conversion and growth them.

Assessment of genetic diversity and identification of important traits in a population is a basic pre-requisite for the choice of parents in breeding programme. Therefore, in order to study of genetic diversity in some Iranian onion morphotypes and using its results in breeding programs, seeds of 23 morphotypes were planted using a randomized complete block design with three replications in East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center in 2010 and 2011. Combined analysis of variance indicated that there were great diversity among morphotypes for the studied traits. Cluster analysis, using ward’s method, grouped the morphotypes into three groups. Grouping based on morphological traits showed relative correspondence between genetic diversity and geographical pattern. In principal component analysis, the first three principal components accounted 79.70% of the total phenotypic variation. Morphotypes with higher values for the first component, would have higher yield and the morphotypes with lower values for the second component, would have higher quality. Morphotypes with higher values for the third component also would have higher dry matter percentage. Path analysis showed that bulb length had the largest significant positive direct effect (0.6) on bulb mean weight. Direct effect of bulb diameter was also significaint on bulb mean weight (0.22). The highest indirect effect of leaf length via bulb length was 0.55. Therefore, selection of plants with higher leaf length and higher bulb length and diameter could be more useful in breeding for increased yield in these population. ‘Qirmiz Rey-2’ and  and ‘Gogan-2 pomegranate shaped qirmiz Azarshahr’ were superior morphotypes of this experiment. Due to the low percentage of dry matter, the morphotypes under study are not suitable for processing industry but suitable for fresh-market.

The effect of gamma rays was studied on the feasibility of breeding the Iris persica L. The experimental design was a randomized complete block  design with 4 replications in a farm located in the Khorramdarreh city and Biotechnology Institute of Zanjan since 2012 to 2014 years. In this experiment, were investigated the morphological, physiological, biochemical and cytogenetic changes. LD50 were determined 15 Gy for Iris persica plant and 22Gy for pollen grain. Increase physical mutagen dose of5 Gy of gamma radiation was to cause morphological changes in the plant, flowers were opened 12days earlier than control, and the tendency towards were higher bright blue flowers compared to other treatments and control (white flowers).Also in this treatment was observed petals a significant increase in the accumulation of anthocyanins and total flavonoids. With the increasein gamma radiationto25 Gy was observed the significant decrease in morphological characteristics, But by increasing the dose of physical mutagen, a significant increase was observed in the accumulation of carotenoids in the petals, total chlorophyll, proline, carbohydrate and polyphenol oxidase activity, also, by increasing the dose of gamma rays observed a significant reduction in the length of chromosome and significantly lower the percentage of TF, and were increase the percentage of abnormal chromosomes, and chromosomal abnormality were observed includes Bridge and Isolated. According to the results, 5 Gy dose had significant effect to breeding Iris persica and can be considered for revision and plant breeding.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the identify traits explaining yield variation, recognize relationships between traits and classify accessions in spring rapeseed, at Dezful, Khozestan Province Iran,  in the agricultural year in 2015–2016. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. The results of stepwise regression analysis revealed that 1000-grain weight, number of pods per plant, HI and days to maturity significantly had more important effects respectively on seed yield. The results of path analysis indicated that the number of grain per pod and 1000-grain weight had the largest direct effects on the grain yield. According to the results of the principal component analysis, PC1 was moderately correlated with number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight and seed yield. PC2 was moderately correlated with days to flowering, days to maturity and plant height. The results of factor analysis exhibited two factors including sink factor (number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight and seed yield) and fixed capital factor (phonological traits). It seems that its seams possible to use their traits as a selection criteria in breeding programs for improve seed yield of spring rapeseed cultivars. using WARD method cluster analysis revealed five groups and there was highest genetic distance between 1 and 5 groups, thus predict that hybridization of between 1 and 5 groups could provide best hybrids and supply a desirable genetic diversity in segregated generations for breeding programs.

Important traits and heterosis of 28 hybrids and 8 parents of Iris germanica were evaluated. The experimental was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in during two years. Analysis of variance genotypes trait showed that the exception of the Inner tepal length and Bush length, significantly different from traits as well (p ≤ 0.01).The evaluation of heterosis (percent) in Progeny showed that hybridization among the cultivars had higher positive of heterosis in superior parents and self parents in majority traits. Hybrid 37 (cross of 5×4) in flower size, leaf width and hybrid 25 (cross of 8 × 6) in the inner tepal length and outer tepal width had higher positive of heterosis in superior parents and self parents. Highest heterosis in the traits length peduncle, pedicel diameter and crown diameter, respectively, in a hybrids of 20 (cross of 2×4), 30 (cross of 4×5) and 16 (cross of 2×5) were observed. It can be expected that these selected progenys (37, 25, 20, 30 and 16) to able registered as a variety of commercial, developed on the market ornamental plants. Hybrids 42 and 43 of the cross between I. spuria and I.germanica (cross of 7×2) in the most traits in superior parents and self-parents had higher positive of heterosis. Results of factor analysis showed that six factors accounted 71.24% of total variations, based on cluster analysis and ward metod of genotypes were divided in four groups. The research, newly method provides for planned the hybridization between wild type and commercial cultivars in future.

In order to find the best plant growth regulators combination and explants type on German chamomile regeneration under in vitro conditions, present study was performed. In first experiment, the effect of different benzyl amino pourin concentrations (8.8, 4.4, 2.2 and 0 µM) in combination with indole acetic acid (2.2, 1.1, 0.5 and 0 µM) on direct shoot regeneration from shoot tip explants of Isfahan genotypes were evaluated. The ANOVA results showed that the highest regeneration percentage (95.54%) and the lowest regeneration percentage (14.23) were observed on media supplemented with 4.4 µm benzyl amino pourin in combination with 2.2 µm indole acetic acid and MS free hormone respectively. The maximum mean number of shoots was obtained in on media containing benzyl amino pourin (4.4 µm) in combination with indole acetic acid (2.2 µm). In second experiment, in order to identify the optimum in vitro proliferation conditions of Matricaria Chamomilla, three various explants type (Shoot tip, Cotyledon and Hypocotyl) in different plant growth regulators combination of benzyl amino pourin (13.2, 8.8, 4.4 and 0 µM) and indole acetic acid (1.1 and 2.2 µM) were analyzed. ANOVA results revealed that highest regeneration percentage (93.87) was obtained in MS media supplemented with benzyl amino pourin (4.4 µM) and indole acetic acid  (2.2 µM) and in hypocotyl and cotyledon explants in different culture media callus were obtained. More than 90% of the regenerated plants were successfully acclimatized and transferred to the greenhouse.

To evaluate the effects of sucrose and and ultrasound on Chelcheragh lily (Lilium ledebourii Boiss.) under in-vitro condition, an experiment was conducted in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications in tissue culture laboratory of Department of Horticultural Science in Mohageg Ardebili University in 2014. Treatments in this study were sucrose in 3 levels (30, 45 and 60 g L-1) and ultrasound with frequency of 35 kHz in 5 levels (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 seconds) on the 2 types of explants (bulblet and scale). In bulb explants, the results showed that the highest fresh weight, bulbs and roots weight, root and plantlet length was obtained from 60 g L-1 sucrose + 10 seconds ultrasound, but the least amount of total phenolic content was observed from this treatment combination. The highest total phenolic content was obtained from 60 g L-1 sucrose + 30 seconds ultrasound. All levels of ultrasound had positive effect on number of scales, number of leafs and leaf length, but reduced the amount of chlorophyll. The highest number of roots and number of rooted bulbs was observed in MS medium containing 30 g L-1 sucrose. In both explants, MS medium containing 45 g L-1 sucrose was effected in increase of length of root. In second experiment, ultrasound destroyed the scale explants.

Drought is the most significant environmental stress in agriculture worldwide and improving yield maize under drought is a major goal of plant breeding. Information on genetic control of yeild and related traits and graphical analysis are essential for improvement these traits in breeding programs. In order to the F1 hybrids along with their parents (6 inbred line) evaluated in field under normal and water stress regimes (irrigated after 90±5 and 135±5 mm evaporation from class A pan for normal and water stress conditions, respectively) at dezful research station in safi abad, at 2012 in 31 July, using RCBD with three replications. Estimation of genetic parameters based on Hayman (1954) revealed that the value of D is less than H1 and H2 indicating that dominant genetic effects for traits such as grain yeild per plant and total carotenoid in stress condition and for traits such as grain yeild per plant, total chlorophyll (a+b), RWC and root weight in normal condition were more important than additive genetic effects. Therefore the selection for these traits in later generations may be more effective. However, the values of H1 and H2 were < D denoting that genes showing dominance effect for the total chlorophyll (a+b), RWC and root weight was less important than additive genes. Thus, these traits were under the control of additive type of gene action and so the selection in early generations will be more effective for these traits. The total chlorophyll (a+b), RWC and root weight can be reliable criteria for the selection of tolerant genotypes with prospect to higher yields. Based on graphical analyses and regression line of array wr/vr, and the distribution of parent along the regression line, it was concluded that SD/17 inbred line for RWC and root weight and SD/3 inbred line for grain yield and total chlorophyll (a+b) carried the most recessive genes and CML inbred line having the most dominant genes for most traits in both conditions (normal and water stress conditions).

This study was performed in order to evaluate the drought tolerance of some safflower genotypes in a field experiment carried out at the research farm of Isfahan University of Technology located at Lavark, Najaf-Abad, Iran (40 km south west of Isfahan, 32º 32´ N, 51º 23´ E, 1630 m asl). In this study, five genotypes including A82) interspecific hybrid), landrace Kooseh, Goldasht, C111 and Ac-stirling were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications at two moisture levels (normal and 90% water-depletion), separately. Seven drought tolerance indices including Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Tolerance Index (TOL), Stress Susceptibility index (SSI), Mean Productivity (MP), Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), seed yield in stress (Ys) and non-stress (Yp) environments were calculated for each genotype based on seed yield under stress and normal conditions. The results analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among the genotypes for all traits. The drought stress had significant effect on head diameter, number of heads per plant, number of seeds per head, seed weight per head and seed yield. Mean comparisons showed that control genotypes were significant differences for all studied traits except seed weight per and seed yield traits with the genotype A82 under non stress and stress conditions. Principal component analysis (PCA), indicated that the first and second components justified 91% of variations between drought tolerance indices. First vector showed 67% of the variations and was recognized as yield potential component and drought tolerance indices (MP, GMP, STI) and the second rector justified 24% of total variations which would be named as “drought susceptible components (TOL and SSI indices). Biplot analysis also indicated that STI, MP, GMP were more reliable indices to identify drought tolerant safflower genotypes and discriminated Goldasht genotype and genotype A82 as the most drought tolerant. The indices STI, GMP, MP identified the Goldasht  and A82 genotype as a drought resistant genotype and this genotype was obtained from interspecific crosses between cultivated safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and wild species (C. oxyacanthus). This genotype had the highest grain yield under stress and non-stress conditions. Therefore, it could be used in safflower breeding programs to improve drought tolerance.

Intersimple sequence repeat(ISSR) markers were evaluated in order to identify informative markers associated with drought tolerance indices  in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes . Eighteen ISSR primers amplified 92 loci among 20 bread wheat genotypes. Polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.46 (UBC-857, UBC-864, UBC-867, is9) to 0.21 (is7), with an average of 2.05. Stepwise regression analysis between molecular data as independent variables, and drought tolerance indices  as dependent variables was performed to identify informative markers associated with the studied traits. Plant Hight, Peduncle Length, Xteragen Length and Peroxidase Activity were explained by more primers. ISSR markers, UBC-867, is9, is11, is15 and is5 showed the most association with drought tolerance indices. Since all the used ISSR loci showed significant association with the studied traits, therefore, it is possible to use these markers along with drought tolerance indices in  drought tolerance wheat breeding programs for identification of suitable parents to parents to produce mapping populations and hybrid varieties.

In order to production of new hybrids and study of combining ability in some sunflower inbred and restorer lines, 32 sunflower hybrids derived from crossing between 4 restorer lines and 8 CMS lines were evaluated in 2012-2013 cropping season in Agricultural Research Station of Islamabsd-e-Gharb. Results showed that hybrids CMS19×R217, CMS1221/1×R137 and CMS19×R137 had the highest seed yield with 7008, 5545 and 5526 kg/ha, respectively. Hybrid farokh (check) with 5412 kg/ha located in forth rank. Variance analysis of combining ability showed that CMS lines and Interaction effect between restorer and CMS lines were statistically significant for grain yield. Restorers R137 and R864 along with CMS19 had the highest positive general combining ability for grain yield. The highest specific combining ability of grain yield belonged to hybrids CMS19×R217 and CMS 456/2× R217.Results showed that restorer lines had a great contribution in genetic control of some important agronomic traits such as 1000 kernel weight and head diameter. For oil yield, CMS and restorer effects were statistically significant but Interaction effect between restorer and CMS lines was not significant. Similar to grain yield, Restorer R864 and CMS19 had the highest positive general combining ability for oil yield. The hybrid CMS6030×RN-3 had the highest specific combining ability for oil yield. Generally, results showed markedly role of additive effects in control of evaluated traits.

Arnica chamissonis Less. ssp. foliosa is a herbaceous perennial belonging to the Asteraceae family and endemic to north America and Canada. Inducing genetic mutation is a practical approach to increase genetic diversity for breeding purposes. Effect of different gamma radiation doses (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 gray) on seed germination and seedling growth of A chamissonis (e. g. plumule and rootlet length, germination percentage, speed and mean, seedling vigor, plumule fresh and dry weight, rootlet fresh and dry weight was measured and the proper dose for mutation induction was assessed. Gamma radiation caused significant effect on parameters such as plumule and rootlet length, germination percentage, germination rate, seedling vigor, rootlet fresh weight, plumule fresh and dry weight (P≤0.01) and also rootlet dry weight (P≤0.05). Radiation with 200 gray showed the most promising effects on germination parameters of this species. Compared to the control treatment, radiation with 300 gray and higher caused adverse effects on all mentioned parameters which may be caused by producing free radicals. An LD50 of 226.275 gray was estimated for this species and the best estimated dose to induce highest genetic mutation was 181.02 gray.

In order to QTL mapping of agronomical traits in barley, experiment was conducted based in a randomized complete block design with three replications at research field of Gonbad Kavous University. Plant materials were 100 families of F3 barley derived from cross Badia × Komino cultivars. Analysis of variance showed  that difference of families all traits except spike weight and spikelet no./spike was positive and significant. Transgressive segregation was observed for all traits indicating  the presence of different allele combinations in the parents. Linkage map whit 7 (SSR) markers and 69 polymorphic alleles (iPBS) were prepared which covered 632.2 cM of  barley genome. In general, four QTLs were detected for traits number of seedlings, days to maturity, tiller number and spike weight. The maximum percentage of Phenotypic variance (R2) explained by QTLs was 11.4 percent. Review identified genetic locations showed QTLs of qNS-6, qTT-6 were co-localized.

Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum Tzvelev.) is one of the most popular pot and cut flower crops throughout the world. The genetic diversity assessment among present Iranian Chrysanthemum cultivars are needed for future Chrysanthemum breeding programs. This study aimed to assess the Phenotypic Diversity of in 15 dwarf cultivars Chrysanthemum, based on morphological characteristics and selection of suitable cultivars for planting in the beauty of green spaces and parks in randomized complete block design with three replications at the agricultural research station of lorestan university in Khorramabad were conducted. The results obtained from this study indicated that wide range of variations among cultivars studied, In terms of traits were measured. some of traits such as flowers number, number leaves and number of florets tab showing higher co-efficient variation, there were more variations among the chrysanthemum cultivars. Results correlation coefficients showed that there were negative correlation between leaf width with leaf length, petiole diameter and leaf area. Factor analysis, showed six independent factors with specific values than a total of 83.4 justify the total variance. In Cluster analysis, cultivars in Euclidean distance of 28.11 were divided into three groups. Two cultivars ' Avadis' and ' Nastaran' Were known with height 30.33 and 37.33 cm, In the group dwarf cultivars respectively and are Suitable for potted chrysanthemums. Therefore, evaluation these cultivars in the same conditions can be done selection for studied traits.