Journal of Sport Sciences and Health Research
Volume:10 Issue: 20, 2018

OSTRC questionnaire on health problems has been translated to Norwegian, Danish and Swedish. Due to the lack of similar questionnaires in Iran and the necessity to use innovative and reliable tools in sport epidemiology, localization and investigation of validity and reliability of the Persian version of this questionnaire was the aim of this study. The necessary modifications were conducted and the final form of the questionnaires was prepared using translation-back-translation method. CVR and CVI methods were used to determine content validity, internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) was used to determine reliability and test-retest method was used to evaluate reliability. Kappa agreement coefficient non-parametric test was also used to assess the reliability of other items of the questionnaire. CVI results showed that all items had CVI scores greater than 0.79 (relevance 0.92, clarity 0.98, simplicity 0.99 and ambiguity 0.94). S-CVI/Ave of the questionnaire was 0.95 (0.85-1). Statistical analysis showed that first four items had internal consistency of 0.89. Kappa agreement coefficient was 0.71 to 0.81 (P=0.001). Finally, according to these findings, OSTRC questionnaire on health problems showed the emergence of a new method to record a variety of health problems in sport. So this method is reliable and valid when monitoring and recording acute injuries, chronic injuries as well as diseases in athlete population.

Since sole is the lowest part of body motor chain and provides little space of reliance for balance, it seems logical that biomechanical changes in the reliance area can affect balance control. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between Y test results and sole pressure distribution system in evaluating dynamic balance of people with different foot arch heights. 80 qualified subjects in the form of those with natural soles (n=28), increased internal and longitudinal arch (n=25), and decreased internal and longitudinal arch (n=27) were selected as the sample of the study. Navicular drop test was used to identify foot form and Y balance test and pressure distribution system were simultaneously used to estimate dynamic balance. Data were analyzed statistically by Pearson correlation coefficient test after descriptive examination at P≤0.05. Results showed a positive and significant relationship between Y test results and pressure distribution system in evaluating dynamic balance of those subjects with different foot arch heights (P=0.002), r=0.337). There was no significant relationship among those subjects with increased pronation (P=0.493, r=0.138), increased supination (P=0.218, r=0.255) and natural sole (P=0.06, r=0.349). Therefore, Y test may not be accurate enough to evaluate dynamic balance in those with different foot arch heights and it is better for those studies whose main aim is to evaluate dynamic balance to use more sensitive tests.

Dynamic knee valgus during deceleration and drop landing in sport activities can be the cause of many acute and chronic knee injuries in female athletes. This study examined the effect of 3 weeks of neuromuscular training and its retention after 3 months on the movement pattern of drop vertical jump in 15-18-year-old active girls with dynamic knee valgus. Volunteers were screened by double legged squat test and finally, 24 subjects with dynamic knee valgus (12 subjects in the training group and 12 subjects in the control group) were selected as the sample. Knee valgus and flexion angles were calculated using two dimensional evaluation method with two video cameras (CASIO-Ex-F1, made in Japan) before and immediately after the training program in both groups and knee valgus angle was again calculated 3 months later during drop vertical jump test. Repeated measures was used to compare knee valgus and flexion angles before and immediately after and 3 months after the training intervention in control and training groups. In case of significance, independent and dependent t tests were used to recognize within- and between-group differences. The results showed that knee valgus angle mean decreased after training in the training group and this difference was significant (P=0.001). Also, knee flexion angle mean in the training group increased significantly (P=0.04). The results of paired sample t test showed a significant increase in this variable after the training and 3 months later in knee valgus angle in the training group (P=0.05). Results showed that although a 3-week neuromuscular training intervention improved movement pattern of drop vertical jump in active female students, the retention of the effect of this training decreased after 3 months.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of neuromuscular training on strength and motor performance of active women with leg dominance deficit. 26 active women with leg dominance deficit (18 to 25 years old) were selected purposively and randomly assigned to control and training groups. Isokinetic Biodex system )60 deg./sec) was used to concentrically and eccentrically measure extensor and flexor peak torque of dominant and non-dominant knees. Tuck jump was used to measure motor performance. Both groups performed a pretest prior to the training period and performed a posttest two days after the training period in the experimental group. The ANCOVA and paired t tests were used for statistical analysis at a significance level of 0.95. The motor performance and strength on the pretest showed no significant difference between the experimental and the control groups (P>0.05). The paired t test showed a significant difference in strength and motor performance of experimental group (P<0.05). However, strength and motor performance scores of control group showed no significant difference (P>0.05). Also, in the posttest, a significant difference was found in the scores of the two groups (P<0.05). Due to the effect of neuromuscular training on the improvement of strength and performance of lower limbs in women with leg dominance deficit, this type of training is recommended to be used in prevention and rehabilitation programs.

Shoulder impingement syndrome is associated with alterations in scapulohumeral muscles activity in sports such as table tennis in which hands operate higher than shoulder level and these changes are theoretically related to a change in the motor program strategies. One of the important scales of investigating muscular coordination and motor control in shoulder muscles is the study of the timing of muscle activation. The aim of this study was to examine the difference between muscle activity and inactivity and the activation pattern of the shoulder muscles in the elite table tennis players with and without shoulder impingement syndrome. In this study, 30 male elite table tennis players (age: 20-28 years old) were purposively categorized into 2 groups: with syndrome (n=15, mean age=25.12±1.65) and without shoulder impingement syndrome (n=15, mean age=24.43±1.55). The timing of the activity of the supraspinatus, upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, anterior deltoid and biceps brachii muscles of the dominant upper limb were measured by surface electromyography during table tennis forehand topspin. Shapiro–Wilk test was used to check the normal distribution of the data; then, independent sample t test was used to compare the results of the two groups using SPSS 20 at P<0.05. The results of independent t test showed that serratus anterior (P=0.001) and upper trapezius (P=0.004) were significantly activated sooner and later in the patient group than the healthy group. Also, the muscle activation pattern changed in the patient group compared with the healthy group. These results showed that the function of scapular stabilizing muscles in athletes of overheard throwers fields who had should impingement symptoms is temporally disturbed, and confirms the assumption that shoulder impingement syndrome may be associated with dysfunction of timing and activity coordination of the scapulothoracic and glenohumeral muscles.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the height of placement (lower and middle) of two types of backpacks (conventional backpack and modified backpack) with 10% of body weight on the kinetic (including 1st and 2nd peak, minimum force, and loading rate) and kinematic (including cadence, step length, step width, swing and double support phases) parameters of gait in schoolchildren. 28 school boys participated in the study after their inclusion and exclusion criteria were considered. They were evaluated by Gaitway treadmill in four conditions including backpack-low, backpack-middle, modified backpack-low, and modified backpack-middle. ANOVA test with repeated measures showed that the mean of the first and second peaks of the backpack-middle was higher than other conditions and had a significant difference with the backpack-low (P<0.05). Among the backpacks, the minimum vertical force in the backpack-low was more than both modified backpack conditions (P<0.05). Given the increase in the first and second peaks of the backpack-middle compared with the backpack-low, it seems better to place the backpack in the lumbar region in terms of forces applied to the body, but this difference was not observed for the modified backpack.

The present study examined the effect of manipulating systems involved in postural control of professional and beginner swimmers. The study was conducted on 80 swimmers (male and female, age range: 15 - 20 years old) who were selected by non-random purposive sampling method. In this study, single leg stand test (SLS) was used to measure postural control under four different sensory conditions: 1) Standing on the hard surface with open eyes, 2) Standing on a foam with hyperextension of the head, 3) Standing on the hard surface with closed eyes and hyperextension of the head, 4) standing on a foam with closed eyes. For data analysis, one-way ANOVA was used to examine the intergroup changes and Tukey post hoc test was used for paired comparisons at a significance level (P≤0.05). The results showed that the share of vestibular system in the control postural of professional swimmers was higher than that of beginner swimmers (P=0.03). Also, there was no difference in visual and proprioceptive systems between professional and beginner swimmers. So it can be concluded that swimming improves the vestibular system.

Disability to perform functional movements is known as one of the most crucial factors of musculoskeletal injuries. This study investigated to what extent fundamental movement training of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) could improve various functional movements. The sample consisted of 34 female students who were randomly assigned to two groups. Their age, height and weight were 18.8±0.68, 160.4±5.63 cm and 61.4±14.41 kg for the experimental group and 18.9±0.91, 160.5±3.16 cm and 61.2±12.10 kg for the control group respectively. The experimental group followed a six-week training protocol 3 sessions and 50 minutes each session. Five movement tests were used as the indicators to measure training effectiveness. ANOVA with repeated measures indicated a significant interaction of all five movement tests in favor of the experimental group (F(1,32)≥4.13, P≤0.001 and ƞ2 ≥0.29). Based on Eta-square coefficients, the highest and lowest differences in the progress coefficient were observed in Y-balance test and functional movement screening test respectively. The findings support the hypothesis that fundamental movement training can be used to improve functional movements. Lower improvement of more specific functional movements reveals that they may require not only fundamental movements but also specific training of movement.