نشریه تاریخ اندیش
پیاپی 2 (پاییز 1397)

Gilan has been distinguished from other regions of Iran geographically natural, human, and political. This distinction in history has affected the political developments in the region and even Iran. This paper, by studying the initial sources, while introducing the tribes living in Gilan, examined the position and contribution of each of them before the Safavids in the Gilan. To show that, with the exception of the two tribes of Gil and Deylam, other tribes also had a significant presence in the geographical area of Guilan. In spite of Internal disagreements, these tribes always defended the borders and political independence of Guilan, and sometimes were used as a professional military force in the Sassanid army, caliphs and Islamic emirs. In this research it was shown that After the Safavids dominated Gilan due to easy commuting, Kurdish, Turk and Armenian immigration to Gilan And trade and commerce development And ultimately lifestyle changes The ethnic composition of Gilan changed And like before, lost its deterrent and fierce performance.

Dabuids or Gavbarids was a local government in the Gilan and Tbaristan area which ruled in the regions for 124 years. They, who reached to power by Yazdigird III, finally were overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphs. Among the most reason of their downfall, can referred to discontents and civil wars, Dabuids’ wealth and revealing it, Dabuids’ policy for helping insurgents against the central government which turn them into dangerous enemies and finally the outspread and repeated invasion of Arabs which finally provided the background of the fall of the local dynasty. In the paper the reasons will be survived.

With the Arab invasion and the Sasanian downfall, Iran was faced with a big challenge. In the meantime, Aristocrats, notables and the Sasanian princes played an important role in the remaining and resurgence of the old culture of Iran. The Bavandid family as one of the collateral branch of the Sasanian princes, in the early eight Islamic centuries played a noticeable role in the social, political and cultural circumstances of the northern part of Iran. The Bavandids as a little known, but important and influential power, played role in the region. Using descriptive , analytical and library method, in the paper it is attempted to study the reasons of the long endurance of the family and their role in the political, social and cultural developments of Iran in the early eight Islamic centuries. The paper findings show the Bavandids took advantage of the particular geographical situation of the region and could endure for centuries and their relation with their neighbors was a mixture of war and peace.

The jargeh(circle) hunting which was common from the reign of Shah Abbas I, damaged the Caspian tiger habitat seriously. In the Qajar period, as a result of the uncontrolled and amusing hunting of the Qajar Shahs and princes, the decorative and trade use of the tiger skin, the hunting of tigers by the peasants and cattlemen and keeping tigers in captivity, the number of the Caspian tigers decreased drastically and came to the border of extinction. In the Rizah Shah period, while the project of disarmament was done, no change happened in the circumstances of the tigers. Finally, in the fourth AH decade (1950s), the last Caspian tiger was hunted and it became extinct. The fundamental purpose of the research is to study the race, geographical distribution and the reasons of the Caspian tiger extinction

Rasht, the most important city and center of Gilan province, entered the political and economic arena from the Safavid period. There is not much information about the history of Rasht city before the Safavid period, As far as some of its formation is considered Safavid era. However, After the Safavids dominated Gilan, the city reached the center of Gilan. The geographical location of this city in the Gilan plain along with the political center had led Rasht to become one of the most important cities in the Safavid flourishing period. Massive cultivation and silk trade in Gilan caused Rasht to be considered by domestic and foreign merchants and there were many economic institutions in the city to facilitate trade . The rise and fall of these economic institutions depended heavily on the economic situation of the Safavid era.

After the prevailing of the Shii Usuli school over Akhbari school and its outcomes at the beginning of the Qajar emergence and the Qajar need for acquiring religious lejitimacy, the Ulamas power and influence was revived after a century of recession. Not long after, the power of Shii Usuli came in contradiction with the power of Qajars and caused deep developments in the political and social milieu of Iran. One of these developments was the emergence of powerful and influential Ulamas such as Sayid Muhammad Baqir Shafti known as Hujat al- Islam who could reveal the power of the Ulama to the Qajar Shahs in his territory in Isfahan city for a time. The paper is going to reply questions on the circumstances of increasing of influence and power of Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Shafti in Isfahan, especially in the Muhammad shah period.

Some of the Europeans, who came to Iran in the Qajar period with different aims, passed Gilan lands and wrote valuable information on the people of the regions in their travelogues. They introduced Gilan as a green and fruitful land but of bad weather and believed the Gilanies were religious people with special beliefs and ceremonies that the clergymen were influential among people and also had the responsibility of educating their children. The authors of travelogues also have spoken about the entertainments of Gilani women and men. War between cows was one of the entertainments which according to the Europeans were not common in any part of Iran. The Europeans remember the Gilani people with goodness and believe them to be industrious, hard-working and tolerant. In the paper it is attempted to survey the culture of Gilan people in the Qajar from the view of the European travelogous.