مجله اکو هیدرولوژی
سال ششم شماره 3 (پاییز 1398)

Since such hydrological factors as precipitation and temperature, affected by climate change, are influential in simulating WEF processes, it is necessary to explore the problem. Currently the most reliable instrument for generating the climatic scenarios of the paired 3D models for the general flow of atmosphere and ocean. This study aims to use the existing water resources for urban sustainable development with a view to climate change. Based on two different scenarios of RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 for the 5th Evaluation Report by on Intergovernmental committee on climate changes, the output of HADGEM2 model was used and the city of Boroujerd, Iran, was chosen as the pilot location where the WEF Nexus approach has been adopted. The findings indicate that there will be a 1.5-3C˚ increase in temperature in the next period. Furthermore, in RCP2.6 scenario, it will experience as much as 20mm increase in precipitation and in RCP8.5 it will decrease by 40mm. The results from WEF model suggest that a centralized agricultural system accounts for 21.29% of the local demand for fruits and 272% of the local demand for vegetables while rainwater harvesting is responsible for 3.6% of the demand for fresh water resources. The water demand for urban irrigation purposes is supplied with urban sewage cycle and reconsumption. Biogas production and power generation from urban waste can daily supply 1.08% of the current electricity. This means that the cost of sewage management might be lower than that of renovation and new operation in urban sewage.

Flood monitoring and accurate measurement of flood wave are important in order to flood management. Acoustic tomography (AT) technique is one of the best technologies that is widely being used to monitor streamflow and flood wave measurement. In this method, the flow characteristics are measured by the reciprocal sound transmission of two AT systems where are deployed on both sides of the rivers. In this study, the calculation of minimum and maximum operational ranges, as well as the accuracy of velocity measurement is investigated for the river with different widths. The results illustrated that the minimum operational range with using 7th order M Sequence is 19 meters that would have the lowest velocity resolution of 20 cm/s. In this technique, the velocity resolution improves in proportion to the increment of the operational range. Therefore, the accuracy of 100 and 200-meter ranges are 3.5 and 2 cm/s, respectively. The maximum operational range using 12th order M Sequence is about 1955 meter with the precision of 0.2 cm/s. Due to the previous studies of using AT technique for the purpose of flood monitoring, as well as the result of this research that evaluated the capability of 30-kHz AT system, the proposed system can provide the real-time and accurate flood data in wide rivers. The real-time flood data may be used by water resources decision makers.

The purpose of this research is to simulate and optimize the utilization of water resources of Zahedan in the next 20 years under various management scenarios. In order to reach the definitive optimal point in this issue, minimization of non-supply demands and minimization of withdrawal from groundwater resources in a single target was studied using a one-goal PSO algorithm. Five scenarios were defined and the results of these scenarios were compared. The results of the research showed that in the reference scenario with increasing population, in the final years of the simulation period, we will face the water stress. The second scenario, with the allocation of refined effluents to the industry and green spaces, was fully funded. In the third scenario, assuming the second line of water transfer from the well, the demands of drinking, industry and the environment will be fully met. The supply of drinking demands in August, June, and September was 4.9, 3.39, 3.21 and 1.20%, respectively. The results showed that this optimization algorithm has been able to reduce the failures. Finally, the ideal scenario was defined by combining the second and third scenarios based on the optimal amount of harvest from the groundwater source. In this scenario, the demands of drinking, industry, and green space are fully met and agricultural demands of over 95%. Also, the rate of harvesting of groundwater resources in the optimal and ideal scenario was 4.95 and 17 percent, respectively, compared to the reference scenario.

There are various methods for estimating evapotranspiration, in which the performance of these equations varies in different climatic conditions. The purpose of this study is investigate different methods of evapotranspiration of reference plant in different climates of Iran and validate these methods by FAO-Penman-Monteith method. For this, 30-year weather data (1988-2017) were used in nine cities (Shahrekord, Urmia, Mashhad, Zahedan, Bandar Abbas, Ahvaz, Gorgan, Rasht and Sari). Initially, evapotranspiration was obtained by the FAO-Penman-Monteith method on a daily basis. Then reference evapotranspiration values were calculated with 24 other methods. Using RMSE, (MAE), (MR) and (PE) with the method FAO-Penman-Monteith. The results showed that in cold and semiarid, cold, moderate, warm and dry, cold and dry, warm and humid conditions, there were Urmia, Shahrekord, Zahedan, Mashhad and Ahwaz, modified Makking models, in warm and humid climate of Bandar Abbas, respectively. The Voluntzas model and in the Mediterranean, semi-wet and humid climates including Gorgan, Sari and Rasht, the Druggerz and Allen model had a better and closer estimate by the FAO-Penman-Monteith method.Regarding the scores given to each method based on the MAE and RMSE evaluation index, modified Makking models, Derrgger and Allen, Valiantzas and Hargreaves Samani and based on the index PE models and Reynolds and Allen, McQueen modified, Valiantzas and Hargreaves Samani were selected as superior models.

Ecosystem of wetlands have a wide range of ecosystem services for humans, which have been severely disrupted in recent decades due to their unstable human usage and are rising due to population growth. shour ,shirin and minab wetland is the coastal wetlands of Hormozgan province, whose life in the villages of the margin is dependent on the wetland. This wetland has been damaged by natural and human factors in recent years, due to its ecological, economic, social and cultural importance, the need to protect it is felt more than ever. Environmental education is the most fundamental way in protecting the environment and the beginning of the intellectual maturity of humankind, by which people consider themselves to be responsible for the protection and preservation of the environment. Due to adolescent's educational ability, the target group was the middle school students in Tiab To investigate the effectiveness of environmental education on the three components of general knowledge, the areas of destruction and threats, and the way local communities contribute to protect this wetland. The research method is descriptive and cross-sectional survey and data collection was done through a questionnaire. Validity of the questionnaire was approved by the faculty members of the environmental scientist and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated 0.8, which indicates that the reliability is good. Comparing the results of pre-test and post-test of students, it was determined that environmental education has a positive effect and there is a significant improvement in post-test scores all three components of the questionnaire.

Assessment of the effects of climate change on hydrological processes especially urban floods to adapt and modify its effects, is essential. In this study, the impact of climate change on the extreme rainfall in district 1 zone 11 of Tehran during the period 2020-2049 was investigated by using 10 AOGCM models under two scenarios including Rcp2.6 and Rcp8.5. Then a median scenario was considered as an aggregate of the results of all the above mentioned climatic models, and by using the SWMM software, the function of sub drainage system of the region in the current and future situations was examined in the future. Finally the function of network evaluated by using the performance indexes contains reliability, resiliency, vulnerability and sustainability. To simulate flooding of the area, a precipitation with a 5 and 10 years of return period was used. The results of simulation indicate that in the current situation a total of %38.2 and in future conditions about %40 of the length of the canals in the area will be flooded. The sustainability index of the network was also investigated under the influence of precipitation. The sustainability of the drainage system in the region was %72.79 in the present condition and the future under the scenario Rcp2.6, and Rcp8.5 were %71.06 and %72.78 respectively. Generally, it was found that in the future period under the influence of both climate change scenarios the flood volume and the number of flooding points will not increase significantly compared to the current situation.

In this research, using the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA), the hydrologic regime alteration in two periods "natural flow regime" and "altered flow regime" at the hydrometric station of Nodeh Khandus, located at the outlet of the Tilabad Watershed in Golestan Province was investigated. On the basis of IHA method, a total of 67 statistical parameters are calculated using IHA7 software. These parameters are subdivided into 2 main groups, the IHA parameters and the Environmental Flow Component (EFC) parameters. A significance count used to determine the significant difference between the median values of the pre- and post- alterating periods. To classify flow regime, the classification method developed by Oueslati et al. was used. The results of this research indicate that the annual flow regime during the period of 1968 to 2016 from "Perennial Runoff" to "Perennial Flashy" has altered. Human activities in the Tilabad Watershed can be responsible for the magnitude of low flows, the minimum and mean monthly discharge, frequency and duration of high pulses, duration of small and large floods, indicators of annual minimum, 1, 7 and 90-day means, as well as indicators of annual maximum 7 and 90-day means. On the contrary, the agents are responsible for an increase the magnitude and frequency of small and large floods peak flow, number of zero-flow days, frequency of extreme low flows during each water year, annual maximum, 1-day mean, as well as changein timing of annual extreme water conditions, frequency and duration of high and low pulses.

Knowledge of the process of change and the prediction of water quality parameters of the rivers provide the quantitative information needed to calculate the tolerable pollution load in the natural environment of the river, as well as a fuller understanding of the biological processes an environment. The main objective of this paper is to use the QUAL2Kw qualitative simulator model to model water quality in the Dyvandareh River and reduce river pollution by more adapting the amount of inputs of pollutants in different areas of the river with its ability to self-pollute. In this study, the process of changing the important parameters of the water quality of the Diwandreh River, such as dissolved oxygen (D0), biological oxygenation (CBOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC) and temperature, and Calculating the percentage of self-pollination of the river from the beginning of the branch before the connection of the tallar river to the decaying parameters of BOD and COD, and to predict their changes, the QUAL2Kw qualitative simulation model has been used. In order to calibrate the model, data from December 2008 were used. Due to the ability of the model for automatic calibration in this study, calibration was done both manually and effortlessly. In order to evaluate and validate the model results, AME and root mean square error (RMSE) were used.

Evapotranspiration the catchment area is one of the main components of the water cycle and estimates the need for irrigation. The purpose of this study is to estimate the daily evapotranspiration and forwarding (ETo) using a neuro-fuzzy comparative inference system (ANFIS) and compare it with the experimental model of Tork. The input data of the turquoise model, including sunshine, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, were obtained from the Meteorological Station of Poldokhtar from the Lorestan Meteorological Station, and evapotranspiration was obtained using this method. Input data (ANFIS) including average temperature, mean humidity and latent evaporation rate were calculated using the corresponding and were given to the data model. The results of each method were compared separately with evaporation calculated at the station location using a vapor pan. In this study, the performance of the ANFIS based on the optimization algorithm (PSO) was satisfactory and the results were satisfactory. The efficiency of the compared methods was obtained using root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error MSE And the R2 determination coefficient was evaluated. The ANFIS-PSO method, with only three parameters, is the average of average humidity and the latent evapotranspiration rate, which can predict daily reference evapotranspiration and is more accurate than the empirical model of tork. So that the value of R2, RMSE, MSE for ANFIS model is 0.90, 2.65, 13.7 and for the experimental model of Tork is 0.63, 6.26, 39.24, respectively.

Climate change caused by the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in future periods causes changes in climatic variables and these changes as the biggest dilemma of the 21st century. Therefore, it is necessary to study the future climate change and vulnerability of water resources. In order to predict the effects of climate change on the hydrological status of Ardebil province, the climate variables for the coming decades and under climate scenarios were predicted. The large-scale data gathering was used to simulate and predict the hydrological situation of the study area. Regarding the effects of climate change on the surface flow of the area, it should be noted that although the results from the simulations by the BILAN model indicate unpredictable changes in the total surface flow in the future period. So that the direct surface flow that flows on the groundwater in all scenarios is lower than the base period which is directly related to the decrease in the amount of precipitation in the future and also the increase in the average temperature in the region. In case of groundwater storage in the region, due to the significant decrease in precipitation and also the decrease in the available moisture content of the soil, as well as the increase in temperature, which leads to an increase in the evaporation rate from the soil surface, the area is examined in the upcoming period and under all scenarios show a decreasing trend.

Water infiltration models are very helpful in predicting runoff in the slopes. The accuracy of the models depends on soil types and initial moisture conditions. This study was conducted to three soil textures (loam, sandy loam and sandy clay loam) with four initial soil moisture levels as a completely randomized design. The infiltration rate models consist of the Kostiakov, Kostiakov-Lewis, Horton, Soil Conservation Service of America, Green-Ampt and Philip were fitted to data and their accuracy were assessed using some statistical parameters. Results showed that soil infiltration rate is affected strongly by initial water content in the soils. The highest variation of infiltration rate was found in sandy loam especially in initial times of infiltration. There were obvious variations in final infiltration rate under different initial water content in the soils and the lowest and the highest variation was observed in sandy clay loam and loam , respectively. The Horton’s model was the best equation describing temporal variation of water infiltration in the sols under different initial water contents, so that itappeared the highest determination coefficient and the lowest values of the root mean squares error and the Akaike index. The Green- Ampt’s model appeared the most sensitivity to initial water content and was weakly fitted with observed data. Therefore, the Horton’s model can be used for predicting infiltration rate under different initial water contents in the soils.

Ecosystems management of river and water flow necessary for continuity of life and ecological sustainability of river based systems, requires recognition of environmental flows in the politics and intentions of water resource development projects and inclusion it in watershed management programs. In order to, in this research were analysis application of hydrological methods (Tennant, Tessman, Flow Duration Curve, Smakhtin, Arkansas, FDC-Shifting and DRM) and ecohydraulic habitat suitability simulation model (SEFA) in the environmental flows assessment of Qarasoo River in Golestan Province in interval of hydrometry stations Ghazmahalleh and Siahab, respectively with mean annual flow of 0.26 and 1.92 m3/s for restoration habitat, natural resurrection and conservation of biodiversity. The investigating provision of optimal flow ecosystem with field studies and measurements hydraulic and qualitative characteristics of the river in order to identify the favorable conditions of Capoeta capoeta gracilis hierarchical habitat showed would have the maximum and minimum flow regime required to preservation the Qarasoo river ecosystem according to ecological needs in months of april and september is estimated to order equivalent 3.11 and 0.48 m3/s, with average annual 1.6 m3/s (equivalent 83 percent of natural stream of the river). The results of study show environmental menaces will follow using the values obtained from simple hydrological methods Tennant, Smakhtin and Flow Duration Curve in water resource planning of this river , by contrast ecohydraulic model of SEFA can provide a general croquis of habitat suitability in intervals different of river relative to regime changes natural flow and attainment to optimal

This research uses the generalized gamma family models to estimate the precipitation in the high and low rainfall regions of Iran during the wet seasons in the southern and northern coast during 1986-2016. Hence it provides an applied model for interpretation and forecasting of wet conditions in future. Through this study, we have used the generalized gamma (3 parameters gamma), gamma, Weibull and the log normal models. To select the best fitted model we used some criteria such as the AIC and the BICand the k-s test has been applied for the goodness of fit test in R software. Finally the best fitted models have been used for computing the maximum event in return periods from 2 to 100 years of the southern and northern coast. The results also showed that the Weibull distribution had the best performance of the stations of the Oman sea coastal while the gamma model had the better fitting at the stations in the middle part of the Persian gulf coast. In addition, the generalized gamma model had the best fitting in the high rainfall stations in the north of the country and the stations in the west part of Persian Gulf coastal. The outputs and techniques which used through this research can be used basically for selecting the suitable distribution functions for fitting on the precipitation data during the wet seasons in the southern and northern coast of Iran.

this research was implemented in order to determine the effect of monitoring the operation of drip irrigation systems by experts on irrigation efficiency, water productivity, and irrigation water price. This research was carried on from 2017 to 2018 on the farms equipped with drip tape irrigation system. Dominant products of the studied area which have been monitored were Corn (Zea Mays) and Wheat (Triticum). In order to study the effect of supervision on efficiency and productivity, the projects were categorized in two comparative groups which were: 1. The projects implemented without supervision on operation and maintenance until the research was started; 2. The projects which were chosen and introduced by Kerman Province Agriculture-Jihad Organization in order to start supervision on operation and maintenance. The results indicated that after implementing the monitoring project, irrigation water consumption was decreased by 1212 and 1533 (m³/ha) for wheat and corn respectively. Also, crop yield was increased by 1000 and 3400 (kg/ha) for wheat and corn respectively. The monitoring project improved irrigation efficiency by 11% for wheat and 16% for corn. Water use efficiency was improved by 0.57 and 0.54 (k/m³) for wheat and corn respectively. In addition, physical productivity increased by 0.5 and 0.64, physical economical productivity increased by 6550 and 6820 (Rls/m³) and economic productivity increased by 0.41 and 0.82 for wheat and corn respectively.

Drought risk management requires a strategy. Choosing a spatial scale is one of the strategic aspects. In the present study, drought monitoring was carried out at sub-basin scale and for dry lands products. For this purpose, using the SWAT simulator, the Khorramabad basin with a total area of 2480 km2 was divided into 31 sub-basins based on homogeneity of soil texture, land use and elevation. The RDI Drought Detection Index was calculated on a 9-month time scale for assessing agricultural drought during the period of 1348-1396, in accordance with the crop year. Using Thiessen method and the use of meteorological stations in the studied area, rainfall and temperature of each sub-basin, the estimation and relative reduction of yield of dryland products were calculated for each of the different drought intensities. The present study was able to compare the different areas of the basin with respect to the drought risk in different products. So that the risk of product production varies from 14 to 30 percent in each sub-basin. The average risk of producing dryland products including wheat, barley, peas and lentils was 21.2%, 18.8%, 17.4% and 18%, respectively. The results also showed that the effect of drought severity on the yield of each product is different. So, in the middle drought, 54-60, 47-55, 46-54, 47-57%, severe drought, 63-70, 58-64, 49-60, 51-62% and very severe drought, 75-82, 69-74, 59-68, 67-74%, reduced potential yield of each product, respectively, wheat, barley, peas and lentils respectively.

The present study analyzes the main water pipelines of Kermanshah city in the western of Iran for the sake of power and electricity generation. Generally, pressure relief valves or break pressure tanks are used in water pipelines to regulate the water pressure. However, micro scales of hydro turbines could instead be used to generate green electricity without any side and harmful effects. For that purpose, the five main water pipelines in Kermanshah city were investigated numerically. With the help of hydraulic properties of the pipelines and also their topographic characteristics, the conservation laws were employed to find the pressure drop together with the energy potential along the pipelines. Of the transmission lines investigated in this study, the results revealed that the Gavoshan water transmission line is the best one based on the power generation potential. Moreover, the analyses show that 2.4 MW of electricity could be harnessed from that line.

Sustainability is considered as an effective framework for managing rural areas against a variety of environmental hazards, including droughts, which require the use of sustainable sustainability techniques. The purpose of this study was to assess the stability of the villages of Qaleh Chaie watershed in Ajabshir city against the drying of Lake Urmia. The research was applied and the information gathering method was library and field research. The statistical population of the study is 21185 people living in 21 villages in this area. The sample size was 380 using Cochran formula and was selected by simple random sampling method. The findings of the study, using the Barometric Model of Sustainability, showed that the environmental sustainability of the villages in the years 2005 to 2017 was exposed with a sustained reduction of -0.146. From the viewpoint of social sustainability and economic sustainability, they experienced a relative increase of 0.132 and 0.055 respectively. Finally, the Javan Qaleh village with a sustainability level of 0.742 has been the most stable village over the past 15 years and then the villages of Qajuldeh (0.666) and Yengeje (0.657) are located. Also, the villages of Chenar, Mahmoudabad and Gonbad have been the most volatile villages in the last 15 years. Also, Kendall's findings showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between the location of villages in Lake Urmia in terms of distance and proximity to their sustainability level at the level of r = 0.577.

 In fact, the purpose of this study was to assess the amount of interception, and also the effects of the rate and intensity of rainfall, and also plant cover density of the mentioned species on amount and percentage of interception during the research time period. The amount of precipitation was measured under the canopy of mentioned shrub species as well as in open space near the shrubs, immediately after each precipitation event during the research time period. Cover density of the species were also determined by vertical photography from vegetation cover in different seasons, and using Arc GIS 10.3 software. Based on the results, the highest measured interception was %79.57 occurred in December on Peganum harmala, while the lowest one was %7.09 measured in February on Rosa persica. Total annual interception for Artemisia scoparia, Rosa persica and Peganum harmala were respectively 37.99, 30.83 and 54.32 mm which are %27.35, %22.19 and %39.11 of the occurred rainfall. The results of regression analysis using SPSS 16.00 showed that between the rainfall amount and the interception of Artemisia scoparia, Rosa persica and Peganum harmala, also between growth season of Rosa persica and the interception percentage difference exist in the level of %1. In addition, between the precipitation duration and interception rate of Artemisia scoparia and Peganum harmala as well as between the vegetative form of the evaluated species and interception rate difference exist in the level of %5

Qorveh-Dehgolan plain is the largest plain of Kurdistan province, which is the most active agricultural area in the province. In recent years, agricultural development has tended to increase the use of chemical fertilizers and has caused aquifers in the plain to be contaminated. Therefore, it is necessary to determine vulnerable areas for managing areas at risk. In this research, the aquifer vulnerability of Qorveh-Dehgolan plain has been investigated using DRASTIC, SINTACS and SI methods, which is one of the most common ranking methods for assessing aquifer vulnerability. Considering that each of these methods has its own advantages, these methods were combined using Sagnuo fuzzy model, genetic algorithm and combined method as an unsupervised and supervised combination method. The results showed that correlation index of all three combined methods is more than single methods (DRASTIC, SINTACS and SI). In combination methods, the method of Sagnuo fuzzy model combination has the highest correlation index, and the correlation coefficient of this method is higher than the other combination and single methods. Therefore, the combination method of Sagnuo fuzzy model is a better method for assessing the of Qorveh-Dehgolan aquifer than other methods. Based on this method, about 21.5%, 49.4%, 24.7% and 4.4% of the aquifer are in the low, medium, high and very high vulnerability, respectively. The north-west and south-east parts of the plain have more potential pollution than other parts of the plain, and more protection from these areas needs to be done.

Analysis and comparison of drought indices are several of the studies needed to monitor and evaluate drought by multiple indicators. Drought evaluation is typically performed using climatic and hydrological parameters. So far, several indices have been introduced to the analysis of this phenomenon. This paper in order to monitor drought in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province is compared to the Performance of three drought indicators, SPEI, SPI and SPTI. The basis of the comparison of indices is the use of the SOFM neural network, which by use of the results of the topology of this network, is resulted that the drought indices are in one category or not? Subsequently, the frequency analysis of drought classes and all types of drought analysis have been done. The results show that both numerical and SOFM methods can analyze and evaluate the outputs of drought indices, accurately. Also, according to the obtained results, the most severe period of drought had been occurred during the period between 1988 and 1990 in all three drought indices. On the other hand, the most severe drought was happened in this study in September 2003 based on the SPEI index at Behesht Abad Station with a value of -5.9. From other results of this paper can also be referred to the high sensitivity of the SPEI than two other drought indices in calculations.