نشریه مطالعات کتابداری و سازماندهی اطلاعات
سال سی‌ام شماره 2 (پیاپی 118، تابستان 1398)

The optimal use of science is dependent on organizing it in a logical and regular structure. In fact, various sciences in society can be developed when they are precisely categorized. Considering the importance of considering the classification of sciences, the present study seeks to show a general outline of the classifications of Islamic scholars and the approach and worldview of these scientists regarding the divisions that they have presented. In this research, the library method is used and the data collection is a Persian documentary (books, articles and theses) that deals with the issue of classification of sciences in the Islamic period from the point of view of the scientists of this field. They are Since the middle of the second century, various categories of sciences have been presented. The first serious Muslim effort to classify science began in the third century with Kennedy's work. Farabi's plan is a major step in classifying science in the Islamic era. Following him, other scholars of this period also contributed to the completion of the classification of sciences. The same trend led to the development of science. Most scholars of the Islamic period have based their methods on the basis of their predecessors; they also identify new sciences and add them to them. Most of the classifications of science in this period were from general to special, and most Muslim scholars considered metaphysics as the supreme sciences.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce and presents a qualitative phenomenographical research methodology as a conceptual framework to do information retrieval area studies and, while the aim of reflecting on the features of this method for students and researchers interested in qualitative research methods. This article is a conceptual paper that introduces a phenomenographical qualitative research methodology based on an interpretive paradigm with a review/ analytical approach. Reviewing papers written by researchers such as Bruce, Limberg, Edwards, Forester and others. This paper tries to show the paradigm shift in the methodology of research (from positivism to interpretative paradigm) in the information retrieval area. Since the 1980s, the paradigm shifts in information retrieval area studies among information retrieval researchers. Phenomenography, as an interpretative approach, is a method, which makes researchers able to consider the vraitey of the ways of experiencing a phenomenon in the world. In this method, participants are selected through purposive sampling, data are collected in semi-structured interviews and analyzed through theoretical coding, and the results will be presented in the form of descriptive categories as an outcome space. In fact, counting and understanding phenomena from the perspective of certain user groups can provide a deeper, clearer, and more complete understanding of many of the questions raised in the field of information behavior researchs in information retrieval area, especially in user studies. This research method, while describing users' perceptions of their experience in information retrieval and search, offers a new territory to the end user studies. In addition, it get adquainted the practitioners of this area with a new approach to the topic and, providing a more precise context for their services and practices.

The entrepreneurship in public and academic libraries could provide new opportunities for librarians to take advantage of it for the development and overall extension. The purpose of this research is a systematic review of entrepreneurship researches in order to identify the role of public and academic libraries in promoting and dissemination of entrepreneurship services. The method is a systematic review. So that related researches at 10 national and international databases during the period of 1987 to 2018 searched. 248 researches were retrieved which after the control and review of studies, 63 most relevant ones were used for this research. The findings showed that national studies were used quantities approach(31/74) and international research were used qualitative approach(68/22). The findings of research also revealed that “developing services and products”, “Entrepreneurship education”, “Networking and support the needs of entrepreneurs”,  “Outreach of campus services for users”, “Start- up institution and business enterprises”, “Setting up business enterprises”, “Fundraising and Budget”, “Creating an Entrepreneurial Culture using Innovation and Creativity” were most important factor in dissemination and promoting of entrepreneurship services in libraries. Generally, systematic review of the status of researches done in the field of entrepreneurship in libraries showed that, this area requires more research in libraries. So that the final product of these studies can be improve service quality in libraries and, consequently libraries would be profit commercial and economic benefits.

The main objective of this study is to present a pattern for standard summarization of Persian texts with the approach of converting the problem to optimization problem by compatible meta-heuristic algorithms. In this research, standard multi-text "Pasokh" collection, which contains 50 different types of news from the most popular news agencies in Iran, each containing 20 documents, as well as 5 summaries of abstractive and 5 extractive, used for evaluation. First, the preprocessing performed on the input texts and the initial summary generated with TF-ISF benchmark, readability and consistency criteria of the sentences, similarity to the title, position of the sentence in the text, and the length of the sentence. With respect to each of these criteria, weighting function assigned to extracted sentences and a similarity matrix created. Then, output of the extraction system processed by Genetic algorithm and Cuckoo search algorithm for the final summary. Eventually, the output obtained from the previous step analyzed using the Rouge evaluation tools and the comparison with the human abstracts. The average of all values obtained in Rouge evaluation tools for calculation the overlapping of common samples of human summaries and machine summaries by Cuckoo search algorithm were higher than the values obtained by Genetic algorithm as well as Ijaz online summarizer system. Meanwhile, among the eight criteria, the longest common sub-sentence with a value of 0.33 and the number of common words in the text with 0.40 were better than the rest. The results of the comparison of two algorithms indicate that the Cuckoo search algorithm is better in the entire criteria. On the other hand, comparing the results suggests that the average time calculated for summarizing by the proposed system is also less.

Using new applications for reference services in national library of Iran, and Studying the subject scope of the questions are the research goals. The research community has all the questions raised through telegram application in the two-year period (September 2016 - September 2018), which contains 2719 questions. The most and the least questions are related to special research with 38.76% and research with 11.25%. The most relevant thematic approach is the research and special research questions based on the field of study of the humanities group with 67.35% and the lowest of the medical sciences group with 1.39%. Questions about the membership office (26.41%) and library facilities for specific people and the offer to buy books (both with 0.76%) are the most and the least needed and sought after by users. Based on research findings, it seems that telegram application can now be one of the most efficient and fastest tools for asking reference questions. The use of librarians with subject-specific expertise is also necessary to answer user’s questions.

Evaluating the Fuzzy and classical search engines' performance in Persian information retrieval to determine the false drop rate and select the best in retrieving the lowest duplicate records. In this applied research, the semi-experimental, evaluative and comparative methods are adopted. Research samples are selected according to purposeful sampling, based on the popularity of search engines. The data collection tool is a researcher-devised checklist with 20 questions. It is revealed that Google out performs Yahoo and Bing in both the fuzzy and classical evaluations. The obtained precision ratio of the fuzzy evaluation of search engines is greater than of the classical evaluation. In both evaluations, Google, Yahoo and Bing have the lowest rate of false drop, respectively. In the fuzzy evaluation, this false drop ratio is less than of the classical evaluation. Google has the lowest and Yahoo has the highest duplicate records' count. The obtained findings from the fuzzy and classical evaluation reveal that Fuzzy evaluation increases the precision rate and reduces false drop in search engines. Moreover the Fuzzy evaluation provides a more accurate and realistic precision and false drop rate by introducing a spectrum of relevance rate of retrieved records. It is recommended that researchers apply fuzzy evaluation when evaluating the search engines' performance. In general, Google has better performance than Bing and Yahoo based on three measured criteria. Consequently, users are advised to apply this search engine when searching for Persian information on the web to save time and money.

The purpose of this research was to identifying indicators affecting the performance of service desks and the rate of matching the National Library of Iran (NLAI) service desks with these indicators. The present study was conducted in two phases. The first phase of the study was extraction of design indicators for service desks with library method, and the second phase of the study were surveyed by a questionnaire. The extracted indices were: accessibility and visibility, the distinction of information sections (the ability to identify for the user and the distinction of its employees), the proper place of desks, familiarity of users with the names of sections and adaptation of these names to user's literature (attention to the differences of linguistic terminology of the users with librarians), getting the user fast to the goal (updated information, novelty of environment, precise guidance and signs, and automated tools), the interest of librarians and the enthusiasm of users' return (skills of staff and pleasant and comfortable environment), help at the point of need (mobile reference services) and services marketing and branding. Based on T test (0/437) and its significance (0/66), there was no significant difference between the real mean and the expected mean. In other words, the current status of service desks is consistent with effective indicators of the performance of reference and information desks. Regarding the prioritization of indices, based on the Friedman test (41/71) and its significance (0/01), there was a significant difference between the indicators affecting the performance of reference and information desks. "The distinction of service desks" indicator (with a mean of 6/71) had the highest average, and the indicator of "the exact signs and guides of desks" (with a mean of 3/24) was the lowest.

The research aimed to proposing a conceptual model for application of semantic technology in information retrieval in the digital libraries. This investigation is a practical sort. The tool which is used for gathering the data is the checklist that is used in the field of meaningful technological practical in marketing information in digital library softwares, this is under the observation of experts, in addition, the method of Delphi is used in this investigation in 3 fields which are meaningful technological architecture, Data were analyzed using structural equation analysis of variance-axis, partial least squares modeling (PLS -SEM) was used. A combination of two views of the final model of research was developed. The semi-structured interview and Descriptive Statistics was used to validate the final model and validate it. The fitting of both parts of the data algorithm and the results of the confirmatory factor analysis shows the desirability and acceptability of the structure at the level of the indicators and components. The goodness of fitting the model from the viewpoint of the members of the Delphi Panel is 0.589 and the goodness of the fitting of the model from the viewpoint of software professionals is 0.387, which amounts to 0.01, 0.25, and 0.36, respectively, as weak, moderate and strong values for The GOF demonstrates the overall robust fit of the model. Therefore, it can be used as a suitable template for the use of technology meanings in restoring digital information.