فصلنامه زیست شناسی جانوری تجربی
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 29، تابستان 1398)

 In this study, in order to investigate the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles that were synthesized using Sargassum seaweed extract by biological extracellular method, Mesophile Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria and psychrophilic bacteria skin of common carp exposed to three concentration (0.11, 1.13, 5.67 mg/L AgNP) of this silver nanoparticles were studied for 14 days. The results showed that with increasing concentration of silver nanoparticles, the load of Enterobacteriaceae and Mesophile significantly reduced compared with control (p0.05). The lowest bacterial count was related to enterobacteria (log cfu/cm2 1.00±0.01), when exposed to concentration 1.13 mg/L AgNP. Lactic acid bacteria in all treatments and in control, did not grow until the last day of exposure.

The positive effects of garlic on diabetes and its complications are known. Zinc also has beneficial therapeutic effects on diabetes in diabetic animals and humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of combination of garlic flower extract and zinc sulfate on hematocrit in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Twenty-one adult male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups (n=7). Which include: Sham group that received usual water and food for 45 days and were injected normal saline on first day of beginning of this time period Positive control group (diabetic) which they received usual food and water during 45 days and they were injected streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose 40mg/kg (intraperitoneal injection) on first day of beginning of this time period. The treated group with garlic flower extract + zinc sulfate, immediately after receiving STZ and ensuring of their diabetes they were treated with garlic extract of 360 mg/Lit and zinc sulfate at a concentration of 36 mg/Lit in drinking water during 45-day period. The hematocrits were measured automatically, using Diatron device, model ABACUS-c (Austria). Hematocrit in the treated group, which received the hydroalcoholic extract of garlic flower and zinc sulfate in combination, showed a significant increase compared to control (p<0.001). The results indicated that the combination of garlic flower extract and zinc sulfate in drinkable water were could increase hematocrit in rats with induced diabetes.

Kashafrood River is the largest river in the North East of the country that originates from the mountains of Hezarmasjed and Binalud. Kashfrood River is 290 km in length, eight Cal from the city of Mashhad past and come to the river. The eight-Cal are: Cal Cyas, Parkandabad Cal, Cal cis-Abad, Cal Altymvr, Cal Knvgrd, Cal Iqbal, Cal Torog and Cal Mohammadabad that wastewater Rajai areas, Golshahr, Mehrabad, Altymvr, Cumanshahr, Khwaja Rabi and Ismail Abad com in Kashafrood. In order to purify the water, four water treatment Olang, Arab Khin, Altymvr and Torog are employed along the way. Around of this river is 1,700 hectares of agricultural land. Therefore, ensure the health of the river in the area of public health and food safety is very important. During eleven times this year and took samples from 12 stations, these stations have been chosen so that the branches of the rivers, Cal input and ranges before and after the treatment is covered. The results showed that the most abundant parasites: Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginali, Criptosporidium sp, Entamoeba histolytica and Balantidium coli, Dieantomeba fragilis, Endolimax nana, Normarsk sp, Iodamoeba butschlii and Chylvmastks mesnili with less frequency rates have been observed.

 High blood pressure doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease. In addition to chemical drugs, biodegradable peptides have antihypertensive properties and the Ile-Gln-Pro peptide is one of these peptides. Spirulina is a green-blue algae of the cyanobacteria branch, which is now used as a supplement to the pharmaceutical industry. The Ile-Gln-Pro peptide was extracted from Spirulina platensis algae using an alkalase enzyme and was analyzed by filtration gel chromatography and RP-HPLC and its inhibitory effect on the ACE enzyme was investigated. ACE enzyme was inhibited by Ile-Gln-Pro peptide by non-competitive inhibition method with Ki = 5.8 μM and IC50 = 0.65 μM . According to the available information from the ACE inhibitor peptide in the BIOPEP database, a comparative study was performed on the location of amino acids in the ACE inhibitor peptide and its effect on the potency of tri-peptide inhibition. Based on SPSS software, on the 196 ACE inhibitor peptide, the presence of Lys, Gly, Thr and Pro amino acids at the end of C and His, Ala, and Met amino acids at the end of N, as well as Phe, Ala, His And His in the middle of peptide have relationship with EC50 and peptide-inhibiting potency.

 Population fluctuation of sunn pests’ parasitoids was studied in 3 different regions Garmsar (Semnan province), Islam-Shahr (Tehran province) and Savojbelagh (Alborz province). Totally nine parasitoid species including, Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston, 1858), T. djadetshkoi Rjachovsky, 1959, T. grandis Thomson, 1861, T. rufiventris Mayr, 1908, T. semistriatus Nees, 1834, T. simoni Mayr, 1879, T. vassilievi Mayr, 1903, T. festivae (Viktorov, 1964) (Scelionidae) and Ooencyrtus telenomicida (Vassiliev, 1904) (Encyrtidae) were collected and identified. Upon the samplings in Garmsar 3 species T. semistriatus, T. grandis and T. rufiventris were collected which the percent parasitism of the two dominant species T. semistriatus and T. grandis were obtained 28.32% and 39.78%, respectively in 5th May. In Islam-Shahr 5 species T. grandis, T. vassilievi, T. basalis, T. simoni and O. telenomicida were collected which of these, T. grandis was determined as the dominant species with 49.72% parasitism in 8th April. In Savojbelagh 4 species T. vassilievi, T. rufiventris, T. djadetshkoi and T. festivae were collected which 2 of them T. vassilievi and T. chloropus with 24.56% and 18.37% parasitism respectively, were the dominant species. About the sex ratio of the mentioned parasitoids, the mean percent producing of females was higher than males in all the sampled regions.

 In this study, in order to identify the fish fauna of Beshar River located in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, sampling was performed in summer and winter seasons during 2014. Fishes were captured by fixed fishing net and transferred to laboratory of veterinary medicine of Islamic Azad University, Kazerun Branch and identified by key identification after biometry. The results showed that 13 species belonging to four families existing in the Beshar River which including: Garra rufa, Cyprinion macrostomum, Barbus barbulus, Capoeta damascina, Capoeta barroisi, Capoeta trutta, Capoeta capoeta, Alburnus atropatenae, and Chondrostoma regium from cyprinidae, Oncorhynchus mykiss from salmonidae, Glyptothorax  silviae from sisoridae and two species Turcinoemacheilus kosswigi and Paracobitis malapterura from nemacheilidae. The frequency of fishes showed that G. rufa had highest percentage of frequency (23.49) and T. kosswigi and P. malapterura had lowest percentage of frequency (0.13). Cyprinidae including 9 species and 96.99 frequencies had highest percentage of frequency among the captured fish. There was no significant relationship between fish frequency and season sampling (p>0.05). The result is that in all fresh waters of the country, the predominant population of fish belonging to cyprinid fish.

 Due to its suitable properties and the low cost; Di 2-Ethyl Hexyl phthalate (DEHP) is widely used as a plasticizer in manufacturing of articles made of PVC. This substance is of paramount importance with the estrogen-like properties and its effects on the survival and health of ecosystems and the aquatic and human populations. In present study; effects of toxicity of DEHP on protein band model and amino acid profile of mucus common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was studied. 108 common carp (17.60±2.22gr) is gathered from warm water fish center and they were allocated into 9 tanks (12 Fish per tank). Fish adapted to new condition for a week.   During this time; they were feed twice a day with same diets. Fishes were exposed at 3 concentration treatments containing 0; 0.1 and 1 mg/L DEHP under laboratory condition (25±0.5°C; pH: 7.4-8) for a period of 96 hours.    We assessed skin mucus protein profiles by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and we were studied amino acid profile by HPLC. The results of the experiments to compare the protein pattern of carp’s mucus (exposed to DEHP with two different concentrations) with the control sample (without exposure to DEHP) showed that there is a significant difference in the bands density between the two protein patterns. These results indicated that concentrations of DEHP beneficially affects Amino Acid profiles of skin mucus in carp and they were categorized in 4 branches. There were Significant differences between exposed and control groups.  Therefore; fish skin mucus can be a biomarker for showing contaminants and toxins. And the high consumption of plastic materials can be a warning to the health of aquatic animals and humans.

The aim of this study was to investigate catch composition and catch per unit effort of invertebrates in shrimp trawl in different areas and depths. This research was carried out in Hormozgan coastal waters (Bandar Abbas and Hormuz Island) at depths of less than 10 meters, 10-20 meters and over 20 meters in shrimp fishing season in 2015. 40 hauls that duration of each one was approximately 2 to 2.5 hours with a total catch of 7623 kg were done. The catch composition included 1068 kg of commercial shrimp and 6555 kg of by-catch that included invertebrates and fish which were 2386.8 and 4168.2 kg, respectively. The results showed that the catch composition consisted of 14% shrimp (1068 kg), 31% by-catch invertebrates (6555 kg) and 55% by-catch fish (4168.2 kg). There were significant differences among the CPUE in the different areas and depths as well as the interaction of area and depth on CPUE of the total catch, target species (Shrimp), Oratosquilla oratoria, Portunus pelagicus, Crustacea (Small crab), Sepia pharaonis, Anthozoa, Demospongiae, Rhizostomatidae (Jelly fish), Asteroidea and Octopoda (POratosquilla oratoria, Rhizostomatidae and Sepia pharaonis and the Demospongiae was at the least.

Variable toad (Bufotes variabilis) is a member of   the Bufotes viridis complex in Bufonidae family. Although this species broadly spreads in the western part of Iran, few studies have been carried out on different populations of this species in Iran, especially in Khuzestan province. Totally 59 specimens were collected from Behbahan, Masjed Soleyman and Dehdez from June 2016 to September 2017.  Analysis of variance (Anova) confirmed the separation of populations in 11 characters. The results of t-test showed no sexual dimorphism in the studied populations. The results of the discriminant analysis showed that both functions are significant.  Scatter plot of canonical functions shows that according to the first function, the specimens of Behbahan are partially separated from specimens of two other regions and according to the second function, specimens of the Masjed Soleyman are clearly separated from specimens of two other regions. Overall, 89.8% of the toads were placed in their expected groups. Karyological studies demonstrate that all samples are diploid and have 2n=22. These chromosomes are classified into two groups. The first group consists of 6 pairs of large chromosomes and the second group contains 5 pairs of small chromosomes.  In all samples of the three mentioned areas, 8 pairs of chromosomes are metacentric and 3 pairs of chromosomes are sub metacentric. Such karyotype pattern has been reported in many species of the genus Bufotes.

 Biodiversity indices and abundance of demersal resources in Hormozgan waters (53 00E to 57 00E) was studied by bottom trawl survey during winter season, 2013. Sampling was done by R/V Ferdos 1. In this study, 89 stations within the 10-20 m, 20-30 m and 30-50 m depth layers were sampled and abundance and species diversity of demersal fish communities at different depths were evaluated using various indices. In this study 99 taxa communities were identified including 88 fish species and 13 species or species groups that belonged to the other marine organisms such as crabs, sea cucumbers, sea snakes, jelly fish and corals. The value for the Shannon (H́) index for the entire investigated area (10-50 m depths) were 3.21, Simpson (D), 0.06, Pielou (J), 0.69, Margalef (R), 7.55 and Menhinick (IMen), were 0.16. The value indices in different depths of 10-20 m, 20-30 m and 30-50 m were identical. Based on the results of Shannon and Simpson indices, this area has a fair quality of population in number of species, however species richness indices indicated low species richness and due to high water temperature and salinity degree, this area is under stress.

Study of eye structure in Enhydrina schistosa is an important subject and yet not enough as it is an active hunter that lives in shallow waters and some active predators like sea eagles and sharks are feeding at it. In this study Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used for observing cellular layers in details. Specimens were collected from water surface in Chabahar Bay. The eyes were fixed in Bouin’s fluid and 10% formalin. There is a transparent layer (Spectacle) in front of the cornea (with protective role) with a three-layered structure. The sclera and cornea are quite thick with protective role against water pressure and mechanical stresses. The choroid consists of a loose tissue. The retina is composed of only a few cones and rods are absent that is evidence of the low visual capability in this successful marine reptile. Cone cells density in Ventral (V) and Dorsal (D) quadrants is higher than Temporal (T) and Nasal (N) quadrants and also Cone cells density in Ventral quadrant is higher than Dorsal quadrant. It seems Ventral quadrant (with highest cone cells density) might have a role in detecting aerial predators (sea eagles) and Dorsal quadrant (with lower cone cells density than Ventral quadrant) might have been engaged (not so important) in feeding on demersal fishes.

This experiment was conducted to study three types of Ruminal degradability of protein whey powder brands with product Shyzr Gloshad Mashhad Food Industries (WP1), whey powder brand Nasr Dalia (WP2) and whey powder product Khorasan Pegah (WP3 ) with 2 Holstein male calves with Ruminal fistula .first, The chemical properties include: moisture, ash, fat, lactose and protein were measured. Later, using Tris buffer samples were extracted proteins and the extracted proteins were determined electrophoresis. For nylon bag technique, the amounts of 5 gram of whey powder samples were placed inside the bag. Incubation times were: 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Gel electrophoresis showed that the major protein in whey powder consisted of β- lactoglobulin .lactalbumin, bovine serum albumin and immunoglobulin. These proteins are respectively 50, 20, 10 and 10 percent of total whey proteins in powder form nylon bag  Results showed that at 0, 2, 4 and 48 hours incubation, WP1 and WP2 and 72 hours incubation, WP2 highest amount of protein degradability (p<0.05). At the same time, results also showed that WP1 the highest of soluble protein amount and WP2 highest of protein effective degradability in rumen (p<0.05). It is also, WP1 and WP2 samples had the highest rate of degradability in 0.20 per hour (p<0.05). This study showed the highest effective Ruminal degradability of protein whey powder samples related to WP2, WP1, respectively.