فصلنامه محیط زیست جانوری
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1398)

Brown Bear is the country's largest species in carnivorous which is distributed in a wide range of Alborz and Zagros mountains. Its distribution range in the western part of the country reaches Lorestan province. Sephid-Koh protected area with its vegetation, its breadth and ecological condition has created a good habitat for this species. In order to identify the range of distribution and favorable habitat of this species in the mentioned area, the presence points of species were collected in spring and summer seasons of 1396. 14 effective variables in the distribution of the species were identified. After performing the multicollinearity analysis, 4 variables were omitted due to variance inflation index (VIF) more than 10 and modelling was performed by using 10 habitat variables, 10000 randomized background points and 500 iterations in MaxEnt software. The significance of variables in modeling was done using jackknife analysis. In order to obtain habitat binary map, threshold of the LPT (Lowest Presence Threshold) was used the results of the model validation showed that the model was successful in the average run (AUC = 0.85); and the habitat variables of distance from human settlements, sub roads and altitudes had the most effect on species distribution. Based on the findings, 65% of the Sephid-Koh area is suitable for the brown bear. Regarding the distribution of species in the region, this species can be considered as a health index and a key species of the Sephid-Koh region.

In the current century, the destruction and separation of the habitat has had significant ecological effects on wildlife species, particularly species that are under threat. In the meantime, the leopard has been classified as endangered (EN) species by the International Convention for the Protection of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Golestan National Park, as the first national park in Iran, is divided by the Gorgan-Bojnourd road, practically into the northern and southern divisions, which has had a profound effect on the desirability of the carnivorous habitat, especially the panther. Therefore, recognizing the factors affecting the usefulness of the Leophor's habitat as a useful tool in managing and protecting the remaining habitats in Golestan National Park can help conservation managers in this effective management. In this research, for optimizing the leopard habitat model, the maximum entropy approach was utilized using 15 habitat variables and 77 species points. Eventually, after using the Maxent model, the potentiality of the Iranian leopard habitat was predicted in Golestan National Park. The obtained AUC is 0.9, which indicates the high predictive power of the model. The results of the jacknife test show that the distribution of the leopard in Golestan National Park is primarily influenced by the distribution of prey, including wild boar, wild goat, wild sheep and red deer, and then to other environmental variables including altitudes of 500 to 1000 m, distance to water resources and roads, it is dependent.

Kaveh deh area is located at Firouzkouh around Tehran province. The purpose of this study is to determine the Ovis orientalis habitat suitability and its relation to vegetation dispersion in this area in fall 1393, by plotting to recognize plant species, and using Past software to determine indicate of plant biodiversity. Ovis orientalis habitat suitability was determined using ranking of habitat variables (HEP method) and HSI model. 9 habitat variables were studied: vegetation, direction, slope, distance from road, distance from habitats, distance from agricultural land, and etc. 11 species in Octobe, 9 in November, and 9 in December were recognized. Shannon Winner diversity index in 3 fall months was 2.013, 882, 1.2؛ Margalo species richness was 2.153, 1.954, 2.288؛ Menhinick species richness was 1.079, 1.162, 1.567؛ and Simpson species diversity was 0.8232, 0.8411, 0.8154, respectively. According to given scores of HEP method, the habitat suitability of Kaveh Deh area in fall season was 0.67, indicating favorable habitat suitability in this area.

Identifying the migration routes of species between different habitats is essential for development of conservation strategies at landscape scale. Maintaining connectivity in the short to medium-term provides possibility of dispersal, access to suitable habitats, seasonal migration and dynamics of the meta populations, and in the long-term, ensure connectivity between appropriate habitat patches to support movements in response to climate change. In this study, we identified and evaluated migration corridors for vulnerable ungulate species, wild sheep (Ovis orientalis isphahanica) between Haftad Gholleh protected area in Markazi Province, and Mooteh Wildlife Refuge in Isfahan Province in central Iran. To identify migration corridors, two models were used, Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt), and Circuit Theory. Using MaxEnt, species distribution modeling was done in two steps with and without presence data in the unprotected study area. Then, Outputs of MaxEnt model was used to identify connectivity with electrical circuit model. The results shows that maximum connectivity (lowest resistance) is most pronounced only in one rout, however near Haftad ghole protected area, there are several high current paths with the highest habitat suitability. We conclude that protecting and incorporating the remaining suitable migration corridors into the existing protected areas network of Iran seems crucial.

In this regard, the objective of this research was to investigate the impact of temperature-humidity index (THI) as an environmental descriptor for heat stress on milk yield (MY) and fat percentage (FP) of Holstein dairy cattle in Mediterranean climate of Iran. The first lactation information between 2001 and 2016 from 42781 and 38829 cows with 348868 and 302851 records, for MY and FP were considered, respectively. The average of daily THI for 3 days before test date was used as an environmental factor which calculated using information of the nearest weather stations to each herd. (Co) variance components were estimated using Bayesian methodology via random regression model (RRM) for different combinations of THI and days in milk (DIM). As a function of DIM at the end of the lactation increases the heritability and decreases the heritability as a function of the THI with increasing THI.For both DIM and THI values, the genetic correlations gradually decline as the distance between values increases. It is evidence that different records along the different THI values like DIM are affected by different genes. In this regard, the estimated genetic correlations for FP were lower than corresponding correlations for MY. The overall idea of this research on heat stress indicates the need to model an additive genetic effect for heat tolerance of dairy cattle in Mediterranean climate of Iran and the genetic potential of the animal can play an important role in controlling the reduction in the production of herd milk in stressful weather conditions.

In this research, the effects of induced mild stress of hydrogen peroxide was investigated on bovine male gametes quality. For this purpose, Semen samples were treated with 0, 10, 50, 100 and 200 μmol / L of hydrogen peroxide concentrations, and the parameters related to the total motility, progressive motility, fast motility, survival and quality of sperm cell membrane were recorded and compared in all treatments. Results showed that, increasing of hydrogen peroxide concentration up to 50 μM did not have a significant effect on parameters in compare with control group, but all parameters were decreased when the concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide was going up to 100 and more.

Increasing the content of corn silage due to aging of the plant, in the diet of dairy cows, increases the stratification of rumen solids and Rumination activity and fragment particles in the rumen. Particle size remains selectively in the rumen, and this justifies the difference in the digestibility of diets with similar chemical compounds. In this experiment, the effect of harvesting stage and particles size of forage corn in a completely randomized design was compared to Holstein The forage was planted in standard condition and harvested in milk stage and dough stage of maturity.This experiment showed that effect of harvesting stage on the chemical composition and fermentation of silage was significant. Also, forage corn silage in second harvest showed significantly higher Quality. Also, the effect of particle size and harvesting stage on dry matter consumption and consumption of chemical compounds of diet was significant. The harvesting stage and the particle size could have a significant effect on the DMD and OMD. The diets containing Forage corn silage in the second harvest, contains of higher amount of iNDF and cause of more DMI less DMD and less ME. Also, rations containing forage corn with a long particle size had high OMD and low DMD.

Conservation of indigenous animal is one of the main goals of animal breeding and identification of genetic structure of population is the basis for breed conservation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic structure and the genetic relationship between native horses’ in Ardabil Province using mitochondrial D-loop region. Blood samples were collected from 100 horses. Total DNA was extracted and 430 bp of D-Loop region (hyper variable) were amplified and sequenced using Sanger sequencing method. The analysis of data led to identify 48 polymorphic sites that create 52 haplotypes. The plotted phylogenic tree for haplotypes of Iranian native horses is placed in the 9 haplogroups including A, B, C, G, I, L, M, P and Q. Genetic and haplotype diversity values were 0.0241 and 0.877, respectively. Tajima D was calculated -0.571 which was not significant (p>0.1). Results of this study indicated that the maternal line of Ardabil horses had high genetic diversity.

This study was carried out to determine the nutritional value of the two species of Ziziphus tree branches in animal nutrition. To determine digestibility, each tree species branches were mixed with a ratio of 10, 20 and 30% of the basic feed (alfalfa) and were fed to 4 mature male sheep, with feces collection method. The treatments were consisted of 7 experimental diet: alfalfa, 3 diets consisted of native Ziziphus tree branches (Ziziphus spina-christi) and 3 diets consisted of Ziziphus mauritiana tree branches in a completely randomized design. The results of chemical composition of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, GE and tannins for Z. spina-christi were 94.24, 90.07, 14.40, 2.01, 30.75, 17.65 percent, 4517.72 (cal/gr) percent and for Z. mauritiana were 94.61,83.30, 14.56, 1.77, 33.90, 18.55 percent, 4447.26 (cal/gr), and 3.95 percent respectively. The results showed that the digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF and GE were significantly different (P<0.05). Among the diet treatments, 10% Z. spina-christi had the best nutrient digestibility. The digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF and GE for 10% Z. spina-christi were 68, 59.1, 49.6, 76.1, 68.1 and 71.7, respectively. The findings from this study demonstrated that Ziziphus tree branches foliage has the potential to improve small livestock production in the dry lands of Bushehr by alleviating nutritional constraints during the dry season.

The aim of this syudy was investigated the effect of gavage of thmye extract on some blood parameters in Farahani lambe breed.  This work was done in farm of Arak University. Fiften female lambes divide three groups: T1 (control): Distilled water gavage; T2: one milliliter thyme extract gavage; T3: two milliliter thyme gavage blood. Blood sampling was done two towice. Hematology and IgG were measured. Resultant data were analyzed in a completely randomized design. Results indicated that supplementing of thymus extract was increased WBC and IgG singnificantly (p<0.01). AST was decreased after thymus gavage (p<0.05). It seems that thymus extract shall improved lambe immunosystem.

This study was carried out in indigenous habitat and breeding area of Khalkhali goat with the aim of identifying racial traits, nutritional, biometric and phenotypic characteristics. In order to implementthis plan, at first, the districts of the Khalkhali goat breed were identified. Then, from three parts (Central, Khorosh Rostam and Emamrudd) in Khalkhal, a total of 24 villages were selected and three herds studied from each village. The selection of villages was proportional in a randomized manner. The data collection method was a questionnaire, observation and measurement. The results showed that 79.3% of Herdsmen, were breeding their flocks in a rural way and 20.7% with a semi-nomadic way. The average number of people in each family was 7.1. The average of goats and kids in the composition of herds  was 44.5%. The dominant color of Khalkhali goat was pure black and white–black, each with an average of 34.3%. Most of the goats had horns and only 26.8% have did not. Correlation coefficients between the main areas of the body, including the height of intersect, round the chest and abdomen, in both the female and yearling goats are higher than 40 percentage.Mean duration of grazing of goats from rangelands and left over of farms was 3.8 months / year with an average of 1.82 time manual feeding /day. The time of keeping the goats in the barn was 3.7 months / year and the number of manual feeding in the barn was 4.2 times. The average daily forage and concentrate consumption of goats was 0.66 and 0.25 kg / head of goat, respectively. Often the deaths of goats are due to gallbladder sediments, and diarrhea is a common disease.

Climate change resulting from greenhouse gas emissions has endangered the life of humans. One of these atmospheric pollutants is N2O, which has a lifespan of 165 years and is roughly 310 times more efficient at trapping heat than CO2. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the amount of N2O production by domestic animals in Iran.The number of livestock in the last decade, was obtained from the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture.Domestic animals were divided into five experimental treatments: the cows group, the small-ruminants group, the large-livestock’s group, the industrial-poultry group and the other-poultry group.Then, using IPCC software (Tier 1), the amount of N2O emissions from domestic animal husbandry was obtained. Data wereanalyzedaccording to acompletely randomized design usingSAS software.The covariance among the considered years was estimated using repeated measurementsanalysis intimes.The amounts of N2O emissions in 2017 were 6.34, 79.87, 1.26, 1452.71, and 7.15 million tons, respectively. Total emissions of this gas, feed intake and productions livestock’s during the last decade were about 128.13 Gg/Year, 605.72 million tons and 118.37 million tons, respectively. The covariance structure of emissions was unstructured and heterogeneous among the studied years. It seems that the industrial poultry section is the main producer of N2O gas. Therefore, special scientific attention should be made to optimize the poultry manure management.

Considering the Situation and Conditions of Wetland Ecosystems in the World, Many Different Species of Birds are Ecologically Dependent on the Lagoons and Through Various Compromises these Unique Ecosystems are used as a Suitable and Important Habitat To Make. Therefore, The Study of the Variation and Fluctuations in the Population of Aquatic Birds During Different Years can be a Biological Indicator of the health Status or the Presence of Threats in Wetland Ecosystems. In this Study, to Study the Biodiversity of Birds  Waterfowl and Waders the Wintering of Poldokhtar Wetlands in 2009-2015, from Species diversity Indices (Shannon-Wiener and Simpson's Image), Species Richness (Margaluf index), Species Uniformity ( Smith-Wilson and Simpson Dominance Indexes) and for the Similarity of the Species of Birds in Different Years, the Morrista index was studied using Ecological Methodology, Species Diversity and Richness total of 16986 bird species from 6 orders, 14 dwarfs and 43 species have lived in the wetland wetlands. The density of birds at the surface of the wetlands is 52.9 and 58 Percent of the Habitats have Waders habitats and 42 Percent have Waterfowl Habitats. The Results of Survey of Biodiversity Index of Birds in Poldokhtar wetlands Showed that the Highest Variety, According to the Biodiversity Index of 2009, the lowest and the highest in 2012, the Highest Species Diversity, 2013 and 2009, the Lowest Level of Species Uniformity in the Year 2013 and the Lowest in the year 2009 Have Been the Least Species Richness of Birds. Based on the Morrista Similarity Index, the Most Similar species of the birds community in Poldokhtar wetlands related to 2012 with 2014 is the Similarity of 1 and the Least Similar Species in 2015 with 2011 with Similarity of 0.79.

Habitat is the most important factor for wild life and plant life that is necessary to protect it for sustainable development. The most important factor of threat and destruction plant and animal life is related to habitat`s changes and insecurity. With habitat Modeling we can estimate wild life species habitat suitability on a large scale without collecting a lot of information about physiological and behavioral characteristics details. With respect to the importance of habitat and problems that caused by their destruction, habitat survey and exact assessment is emergent need more than ever. In this research effective parameters have been studied in 4 forest habitat in north of country, GhadiKola, Abbandankash, Erus, Lajim, for determining habitat suitability with HEP model. This model is a quantifiable method for assessing habitats that with the lowest data, the best and most desirable result can be achieved. After library studies and checking selected stations, trapping was done in the form of transect. And then 3 indicator spices including (Lampyris Noctiluca), (Crocidura caspica / Caspian Shrew) and (Accipiter gentilis) were chosen and finally with calculating habitat suitability index (HSI) the suitability situation of each four stations was compared. Results show that each of the four stations has had a relatively good utility. in general, calculate the average utility rate in4 stands, three of them include: abbankash, erus and lajim have had the same utility with value of 67 and 68 percent's but gladiola’s station whit amount of 87 percent has had the highest utility rate.

Nowadays, use of ecosystem health indicators, such as aquatic invertebrates, fishes and birds, has received growing attention to quickly assess of ecosystem health due to their properties such as saves time, energy and costs. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the correlation among presence and density of the Cinclus cinclus and physico-chemical parameters of some riverine systems of Tehran and Hamedan provinces in 2015. In so doing, presence points and the number of individual birds were detected by direct observation and/or finding its signs and tracks along riversides. Then, some physicochemical properties of water (i.e. temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and pH) and richness and abundance of macrobenthos were investigated in the presence points of dipper. Also, all statistical analyses were performed using the Minitab and STATISTICA statistical software's. Based on the results of ordinal regression analysis and AIC, significant correlations were found between electrical conductivity, macrobenthos abundances as well as water temperature and the presence and density of the dipper. Therefore, it seems that our results revealed a good relationship between the presence and the density of the dipper and water quality in the studied riverine systems.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of in-ovo injection of oil-extracted propolis on hatchery performance, blood cell count and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks. For this purpose, on the 15th day of incubation, 324 Ross 308 broiler chicken eggs were weighed and completely randomized to six experimental groups with three replicates and each replicate containing 18 eggs and injected into amniotic fluid. Experimental treatments consisted of two types of negative control without injection, positive injection of 60 mL distilled water and injection of 4 levels (150, 300, 600 &1200 ppm) from oil-extracted propolis to amniotic sac. The results showed in-ovo injection of oil-extracted propolis on day 15 of incubation did not show any effect on hatching percentage, hatching weight and the ratio of the weight of hatching chicks to egg weight. While 1200 ppm of in-ovo injection of oil-extracted propolis increased the ratio of the weight of hatching chicks to egg weight compared to control group. In-ovo injection of oil-extracted propolis at different levels could not affect the concentration of total white blood cell, heterophile, lymphocyte, monocyte and eosinophil blood in broiler chicks. The carcass weight, heart rate, spleen and tissue stockings were not affected by in-ovo injection of oil-extracted propolis at 42 days of age. So, these results of this study suggest that in-ovo of oil-extracted propolis cannot improve the status of hatching percentage, blood cell count and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks.

Caucasian pit viper (Gloydius halys caucasicus), is the only species in the Subfamily of Crotalinae in Iran, it is found in the northern coastal region of Iran. So far, studies have been done on the polymorphism, asymmetry of scales in the head area, morphological, meristic and morphometric traits, asymmetric meristic traits. But in Iran, so far, no study has been done on the desirability of the Caucasian pit viper habitat, which will be considered in this research. In this study, using the points of presence of the species from the books, articles and samples in museums and personal collections, and 19 layers of climate, with the Maxent model, is a potential pattern of geographic distribution in Iran. Then the map of the most desirable distribution areas was prepared using Maxent, and the relative importance of the variables was evaluated based on jackknife results from Maxent. Finally, the modeling verification index was evaluated. The results showed that the overall distribution of Caucasian pit viper in coastal regions of Iran is included, the most desirable areas of the potential distribution of Caucasian pit viper in Iran, are consistent. The prediction of Caucasian pit viper distribution and the status of their occupied habitats are important in defining conservation issues.

N. kaiseri, from the southern Zagros Mountains in Lorestan and Khuzestan Provinces, is characteristically different from the other two newts of the genus Neurergus (N. microspilotus and N. crocatus) occurring in Iran by a long and narrow band of yellow color with several round blotches of white color. Modeling the distribution patterns of species is a generally efficient tool to assess their ecological characteristics. In this study, we used maximum entropy, MaxEnt, a method as a tool to assess potential distribution for Neurergus kaiseri in regional scale. The MaxEnt model predicted potentially suitable habitats for N. kaiseri with high success rates (AUC Training data = 0.904 ± 0.057). According to the map constructed, four important variables had a high contribution to species presence: elevation (38%), Precipitation of Warmest Quarter (15.8%), Min Temperature of Coldest Month (10.3%) and Precipitation of Coldest Quarter (8.7) variables. According to our results in the present study, Lorestan newts prefer mountain area with low rainfall in southern Lorestan and northern Khuzestan provinces, although the species need fountains for survival and reproduction.

Considering that Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria is one of the major pathogens in fresh water aquaculture, in the present study, four fish groups of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with an initial weight of 16 g, were fed for 60 days by diets containing different levels of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus and finally, after measuring the growth performance and digestive enzymes activity, they were injected with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria and blood indices were measured after complete incidence of the disease. The results showed that, in treatment of 3 g/kg probiotic in diet the final weight and feed conversion ratio were the highest and lowest, respectively. In addition, the trypsin activity in treatment 3 and amylase activity in treatments 2 and 3 was significantly higher than other treatments (P < 0.05). One week after infection by bacteria, the alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase enzymes in the blood serum decreased in treatments of 2 and 3 g/kg probiotic in diet compared with other treatments, and survival in these groups was higher than other treatments (P < 0.05). Finally, it seems that using 2 to 3 g/kg Lactobacillus rhamnosus in Nile tilapia diet can significantly increase the growth performance as well as the resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection.

This study was carried out in Shahid Marjani Farm to identify the occurrence of helminth parasites in digestive tract of Iranian Sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) in 2016 and 2017. In 2016, 2 Species of Skrjabinopsolus semiarmatus and Cuculanus sphaerosephalus from 11 specimens (mean total length and weight of 160.54 ± 8.6 cm and 31.62 ± 6.72 kg, respectively) and in 2017 just one species (C. sphaerosephalus from 12 specimens (mean total length and weight of 158.3 ± 1.1 cm and 29.3 ± 4.9 kg, respectively) were collected. Incidence in 11 samples were 72% and mean intensity was 6 ± 2.87 for C. sphaerosephalus and incident was 27% , and mean intensity was 3.17 ± 3.25 for S. semiarmatus in 2016. In 12 samples incidence was 50%, and mean intensity was 6 ± 2.87 for C. sphaerosephalus in 2017. results showed the highest rate of incidence was belonged to C. sphaerosephalus. The number and type of gastrointestinal parasites in Iranian sturgeon compared to previous years decreased in southeast of the Caspian Sea that can be the result of changing diet and reducing the host interface.

The present study investigated sperm motility parameters (sperm motility duration, sperm motility percentage), spermatocrit and concentration and some biological aspects of sperm by determination of seminal plasma indices (ionic and organic composition in Beluga, Huso huso,</em>). Survey was done on 8 wild fish and 8 cultured fish during March and April in 2017 in Propagation and Culture of Sturgeons center, Shahid Marjani, in Gorgan Sperm motility duration, sperm motility percentage, spermatocrit and sperm concentration in wild Beluga were measured 310±61.65, 81.11±6.31, 2.33±0.31, 2.50±0.36 and in cultured Beluga were determined 170.43±34.61, 65.63±5.81, 1.26±0.23, 1.41±0.28 respectively. The concentrations of Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+) and Magnesium (Mg2+) ions were in wild Beluga were measured 99.36±9.47, 4.96±0.40, 7.75±0.44 and 1.15±0.15 MmL-1 and incultured Beluga were determined 98.29±10.40, 5.03±0.28, 7.76±0.47 and 2.12±0.24 MmL-1</sup> respectively. The concentrations of cholesterol and glucose in wild Beluga were measured 49.33±8.77, 32.65±2.12 and in cultured Beluga were determined 47.47±4.78, 32.21±1.66 respectively. Also Seminal plasma in wild Beluga and cultured Beluga was contained 1.10±0.27, 1.33±0.29 mg/dl protein respectively. Studies showed that between duration of motility, motility and concentration Magnesium (Mg2+) ions in wild Beluga and cultured there are significant difference.

In this study, the effects of different levels of beet molasses on some mucosal immune factors, biochemical parameters of blood in common carp were investigated. The experiment consisted of 360 pieces of common carp with an average weight of 22 ± 2.5. The fish in 12 reservoirs were randomly distributed to 30 units per reservoir. After one week of adaptation, it was fed for a period of 8 weeks. The experiment was carried out in the form of 4 treatments and each treatment with 3 replications including: Molasses (treatment 1), diet containing 0.5% molasses (treatment 2), diet containing 1% molasses (treatment 3) and diet containing 2% molasses (treatment 4) And fish were fed daily with 3% body weight and twice daily with experimental diets. Food from the control group, the commercial food of the common carp of the corporation was no molasses. The results showed that the amount of mucus solution was significantly increased after feeding with molasses (P <0.05). The highest amount of mucus-soluble protein was in the treatment of 2% molasses. The amount of immunoglobulin in treatments and control group did not change significantly. Also, the amount of alkaline phosphatase mucus in treatments was significantly increased in treatment of 1% molasses (P <0.05). The amount of soluble protein and alkaline phosphatase activity in the blood serum of the carp were significantly increased (P <0.05). Also, the amount of blood serum glucose in the carp was increased by increasing the amount of dietary molasses. (P <0.05).

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of olive pomace replacement on blood indices and growth of common carp of Cyprinus carpio Common carp with average weight of 19.97 ± 0.05 gr. And average length of 10.55 ± 0.49 centimeters with 6 diets including 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15% olive pomace for 8 weeks in The aquarium was fed. Feeding three times a day at satiation fish was done. After 56 days, the results showed that the 6% level showed the highest growth in terms of weight, length, weight gain, body weight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency and liver index But the difference in viscera index was not significant.Blood parameters of common carp showed that in some indices, including RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, monocyte and MCHC, no significant differences were observed But in the number of white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, MCH, MCV, there was a significant difference. The results of this study indicate positive effect of olive pomace replacement to 6% level without negative effect on growth performance and blood factors in common carp ruminant diet. And you can suggest a level of 6% as the appropriate level for replacement.

In order to compare the herbal and chemical immunity stimulants, the effect of orally administration of Lactoferrin, β-glucan and Nigela sativa</em> on growth indexes and hematological and immunological parameters in common carp was studied. 300 fingerling (3±0.02 g), were fed with control food (without immune stimulant) and food treatments include 20 mg lactoferrin, 10 mg  β-glucan and 50 mg Nigela sativa</em> powder in kg of food for sixty days. Based on the results, the highest amounts of weight increase, specific growth rate and condition factor were obtained in the glucan treatment. The survival rate was above 80 percent, without significant difference, in all treatments (P>0.05). Also, all treatments include immune stimulant, showed significant difference in food conversion rate (FCR) compare to control group (P<0.05). The minimum amount of FCR and the maximum amount of protein coefficient were obtained in glucan treatment. The higher numbers of red and white blood cells and the higher amounts of hemoglobin and hematocrit were observed in glucan and the lower were observed in the control group. The higher and the lower rate of lysozyme enzyme activity were related to glucan (5.38± 0.18) and control treatments (3.19± 0.05) respectively. While the percentage of neutrophil and monocytes were higher in glucan treatment, the highest percentage of lymphocytes was observed in lactoferrin treatment (73.66± 0.57). So, compare to the other stimulants, glucan can be used as a growth and immunity stimulant in common carp.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of amino acid glycine on growth indices, survival rate, food intake and resistance to salinity stress in Common carp (Cyprinus carpio</em>) fingerlings. Fish with an average weight of 15.46±0.18 gr were devided in to four groups and fed with different levels of glycine including diets containing 0 (control), 0.5 (treatment 1), 1 (treatment 2) and 1.5 (treatment 3) of glycine were fed for 60 days and then exposured to salinity stress 15 ppt for 72 houres. The experimental design was a complete randomized data analysis performed SPSS and Excel software package. The results showed that there was no significant difference among studied groups regarding growth indices (final weight, SGR, CF and FCR) (P>0.05). Body weight gain affected significantly by glycine (P<0.05). The addition of glycine to the diet increases observed in survival and resistance to stress salinity in common carp. Hence according to the results obtainer of present study, it can be concluded that the glycine improved the resistance can increase survival of common carp under salinity stress.

In this study, in order to investigation of acute toxicity heavy metal copper on some blood and biochemical parameters of Silver carp (Hypophthalmicthys molitrix</em>), a total of 270 fish were exposed to 0, 5 and 10 mg/L of Cu (NO3</sub>)2 </sub>andduring 96h. All of fishes at treatment 5 mg/L and 10mg/L were died after 24 and 12 hours, respectively. While ecposed to copper nitrate survived up to 96 hours at all concentrations. 24h- LC50</sub> of Cu2+</sup> was 2.5 mg/L. Results showed that Hemoglobin (Hb) levels was decreased with the increase of copper concentration (p<0.05). Hematocrit (Hct), white blood cells count (WBC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) was decreased significantly (p<0.05) with increase of duration. Differential count of leukocyte showed significant decrease in lymphocyte and significant increase in neutrophil and monocyte from zero to 24 hours. Biochemical parameter results showed significant changes, but not about cholesterol. Glucose and albumin levels were changed significantly with the increase of copper concentration in 12 and 24 hours (p<0.05). Total protein levels were decreased significantly at treatment 5 mg/L at two studied times. Based on results, blood indices are sensitive to copper acute toxicity. According to the results, blood parameters and biochemical factors are sensitive factors in monitoring the toxicity and the stress caused by copper particularly in acute concentrations.

Adding various enzymes compounds to the diet is a potential way to improve the nutritional value of nutrients. Natuzyme multi-enzyme contains protease, lipase, phytase, alpha-amylase, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, beta-glucanase, pentosonase, hemicellulase, xylanase, pectinase, acid phosphatase and phytase acid. Therefore, it seems Natuzyme multi-enzyme can be used to increase digestibility, eliminating anti-nutritional agents and improve the growth indices and reproductive performance of gold fish (Carassius auratus gibelio), and generally improve nutritional status.The purpose of this experiment is to use multi-enzyme Natuzyme in the Gold Fish diet (Carassius auratus</em>) and to investigate its effects on growth, survival and reproductive performance. For this experiment, the fishes with the average weight of 5.56 ± 0.03 grams were used, and Natuzyme multi enzyme Plus® (Bioproton, Australia) in 5 treatments of 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg / kg food was added to the supplementary diet. The multi enzyme at enzyme level of 1 (250 mg / kg diet) established the best weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, body weight gain percentage and protein efficiency which was significantly different with the control group (P <0.05) but did not affect the survival rate (P> 0.05). The Natuzyme multi enzyme at enzyme level of 2 (500 mg / kg diet) produced the highest gonadosomatic index, fecundity, fertilization rate and larval survival rate (P <0.05). However, this multi enzyme at none of the experimental groups had any effect on hatchability and sperm motility (P> 0.05). It is suggested using this multi-enzyme in fish diets with high economic value and improve the growth and reproductive performance of fish.

Stocking density (SD) is considered as a chronic stressor in aquaculture. The aim of the present study was to compare the growth performance, cortisol response and the mRNA expression of heat shock protein70 (HSP70) gene in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared at two common SDs of Iranian fish farms in an open system. For this purpose, young all-female rainbow trout were studied at two SDs of 24 (medium SD or MSD) and 44 (high SD or HSD) Kg/m3 and loading density of 1 L/min/Kg of fish for 60 days. The obtained results showed a decrease of mean final weight in HSD groups by 6.2% as compared to MSD. However, no differences were observed between treatments in terms of fish length (total, fork, standard). Furthermore, relative fin lengths (pectoral, pelvic, anal, dorsal and caudal) were similar in the two categories after two months of treatment. On the other hand, body weight gain (%), daily growth rate, specific growth rate and thermal growth coefficient were decreased significantly in HSD in comparison to MSD sets. In contrast, no changes were observed in fish condition factor. High SD caused an increase of coefficient of variance of weight and feed conversion ratio in respect to MSD. Blood glucose and cortisol levels remained unchanged between treatments. At last, muscle HSP70 gene expression at mRNA level increased significantly in HSD versus MSD. In conclusion, our results suggested that increasing the SD in allowable ranges in trout fish farming systems with no oxygenation might cause a stress in fish indicated by change in some studied growth parameters as well as increased HSP70 mRNA expression. Therefore, SD increase should be accompanied by proper management schemes as well as nutritional approaches aimed to relieve the related induced stress and to strengthen the fish immune system.

This study aimed to evaluate the Sub- lethal toxcity effects of 2, 4- D+ MCPA herbicide after 2 week and 3 week on some hematological indices and liver enzymes of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. After determining LC50 by probit model, induced sub- lethal concentration (1/9 LC50) 0.11 mL/L (0.11 mL/L of  this herbicide equal 40 mg/L, 2, 4- D, 35 mg/L MCPA ) of  this herbicide were studied.. Blood samples of rainbow trout with weight mean 97 g were taken in the 72 hours following exposure to sub- lethal  concentration  of 2,4,D- MCPA herbicide after 2 week and 3 week with fish that were not exposed. The results showed that 2, 4, D- MCPA herbicide could changes in blood parameters and liver enzymes of rainbow trout by reducing red blood cell (RBC),  white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil and lymphocyte in treatments were influenced by the herbicide after 2 week and 3 week (P<0.05). The lowest RBC and the highest monocyte, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were observed in the treatment of fish exposed to sub-lethal concentration of herbicide after three week (P>0.05) The results of this study showed that sub-lethal toxicity of 2,4 D- MCPA herbicide after 2 week and 3 week with the reduction of white blood cells, neutrophil and lymphocytes could weaken the activity of the immune system of rainbow trout and increase the level of liver enzymes In blood serum, it also shows the damage caused by exposure to this toxin

Arsenic as a heavy metal is pollutant of aquatic ecosystems that caused poisoning and concern for fish consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of arsenic in liver and muscle tissues, also its association with weight and length of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and its risk assessment. 60 rainbow trout species were prepared in two fish farming ponds located in Sanandaj (Nanle Village) and Kamyaran (Divznav Village), (30 pieces of each pond) and after acid digestion of the samples, the concentration of arsenic metal was measured by the Phonix 986 Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy. The average concentration of arsenic metal in liver and muscle tissues was 28.16 and 15.68 μg/g, obtained. Arsenic accumulation in the liver tissue was more than muscle tissue (P<0.05). A relatively strong correlation was found between the concentration of this metal with density and total weight (p <0.01). Also, the results showed that there was no significant difference between the basins of Kamyaran and Sanandaj in terms of the concentration of arsenic in the studied tissues. According to the calculation results of the risk index for daily consumption of 25 grams of suspected fish, the maximum daily allowable dose of 1.3 grams was calculated for an adult population of 70 kg. By comparing the concentrations measured in this study with the international standards of muscle tissue, the concentration of arsenic is higher than the USEPA, FAO and WHO standards.

The main goal of  the current study is to evaluate the impact of dietary herbal on the  growth performance of growth out  rainbow trout. This project was conducted at Caspian sea research institute of ecology from 2017 to 2018. Totally 180 rainbow trout with an average weight of 28.8g were randomly distributed to 9 fiberglass tanks with area  and depth of 1m2 and of 0.6 m.  The experiment lasted for seven weeks and the rainbow trout were fed by three different diets as follows: 1. Commercial pellet contained no herbal additive (control diet) 2. Commercial pellet contained 2% dietary herbal and 3. Commercial pellet contained 4% dietary herbal.  The results showed that fishes weight gains for diet 1, 2 and 3 were 28.62, 30.41 and 30 respectively. The estimated growth rate was 1.33g for control diet, 1.52g for 2% inclusion of the additive and 1.44g for 4% inclusion of the additive. Results also showed that inclusion of the additive did not change statistically average final weight (p>0.79).  A larger weight gain was observed at 2% additive inclusion although this was not statistically different with other treatments. In conclusion, with regard to the observed results, dietary herbal administration cannot improve growth, feed conversion rate and weight gain in oncorhynchus mykiss.

Light is one of the most important factors affecting the growth and survival of larvae in fish. In a 55-day experiment, the effects of light color and photoperiod on hatching percentage, survival rate and larval growth indices in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>) were evaluated. Three light colors red, white and yellow  and four light periods (20 D / 4 L, 16 D / 8 L, 10 D / 14 L, 4 D / 20 L and 0 D / 24 L)  and natural situation as control group were tested in three replications.The results of this study showed that the highest percentage of hatching (94.86%) was observed in red light with darkness of 20 hours and the lowest (77.13% and 77.33%) in yellow and red light in 24 hours of brightness (P <0.05). Twenty days after hatching, the highest survival percentage and mean weight of larvae were observed in treatment with shorter photoperiod and red light, which had a significant difference with other treatments (p <0.05); however, different photo period and light colors did not significantly affect the mean larval length at the end of the twentieth day After 55 days of feeding, a significant increase in weight, the best feed conversion ratio and the highest specific growth rate were observed in larvae that were exposed to longer photoperiod and yellow light (p <0.05). In general, in the pre-hatch period, red light with longer darkness, and after-hatch yellow and white light with longer brightness can be effective in increasing hatching and growth.

Probiotics are generally defined as a live microbial food supplement which improve the balance of the host animal’s intestinal flora and the absorption of nutrients from the intestine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of Lactobacillus casei</em> (PTCC1608) on survival andgrowth performanceof rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>)fingerlings. Four thousand eight hundred fingerlings (average weight 32.6±5.5g) were randomly divided into 4 groups with three replicates (each with 400 fish). The control group fed with basal diet and the other groups were fed with 5×106</sup> (A), 5×107</sup> (B) and 5×108</sup>(C) CFU/mL L. casei</em> for 60 days. Biometry of specimen was down at 0, 30 and 60 days of study and growth performance rate evaluated. Results showed that fish were fed with 5×106</sup> (A) of L. casei </em>had significant impact (P<0.05) on growth performance. The specific growth rate (SGR), BWG and RGR had best performance at 5×106</sup> (A) of L. casei </em>andshow Significant differences compared with control treatment (P<0.05), while in the diet fed diet with 5×108</sup>(C) CFU/mL of L. casei</em>, some growth and survival indices decreased compared to the control group (P<0.05). There was no change in growth indices in diet fed with diet containing 5×107</sup> (B) CFU/mL of L. casei</em> compared to control in different stages of sampling. Survival rate was significantly different between treatments, so that the highest losses were related to 5×108</sup>(C) CFU/mL of L. casei</em>, which had a significant difference with control group. Results showed that adding 5×106</sup> (A) of L. casei</em> to rainbow trout diet as the most suitable concentration, improved the fish growth indices, but the higher concentrations of this probiotic has negative effects on growth.

</em></strong>Age structure and growth characteristics of  the Schizothorax pelzami</em> (Kessler,1870) in the  two different  habitate (Frizi river and  Cheshmeh Sabz lake in Khorasan province) were studied from January, 2009 through January,2010. Age and growth variables were determined by examining 495 opercular bones, 261 samples from the river habitat and 234 species from the lake habitat of the S.pelzami</em> populations from specimens ranging between 69 and 274 mm total length. The instantaneous growth rate of young (one and two year old) S. pelzami</em> in the river habitat (mean higher temperature) was observed higher than the population living in the lake habitat (mean lower temperature).The results also showed that S. pelzami</em> has living longer in the lake habitat. Almost all of S. Pelzami</em> had reached maturity in 2-3 year-old in River site but age maturity of this species in lake site was 4 and 5 years old. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters showed that L(¥)in the lake population(♂464.66, ♀514.70)was higher than river population(♂303.15 , ♀ 456.92). Growth performance index(φ') was calculated in the lake habitat (♀9. 386, ♂9.225) and in the river habitat (♀9.253, ♂9.074). Overcoming the sex ratio in the river habitat was related to the male genus and in the lake habitat to the female sex.results of this study show that differences in habitat conditions,especially water temperature and geographical location of two habitats, have led to the formation of different strategies in age structure and pattern of growth in each population.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of seaweed, Jania adhaerens</em> extract (JE) for the first time as dietary additive on the growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and digestive enzymatic activities of grey mullet, Mugil cephalus</em>. Four experimental diets were prepared: JE0 as a control group; JE5, JE10 and JE 15 which included 0, 5, 10 and 15 g JE kg-1</sup> diet respectively. One hundred twenty grey mullet weighting 14.95± 2.01 g (mean± SE) was randomly divided into four groups corresponding to the different feeding regimes. Significant differences (P<0.05) were evident in final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lipid efficiency ratio (LER)) between the control group and treatment. The highest levels for all previous parameters were shown in JE10. Also, the highest crude protein, moisture and amylase, lipase, protease activities the lowest crude lipid were observed in JE15. However no significant difference (P>0.05) were observed in lipase activity, between JE10 and JE15 diet (P>0.05).  Overall, the results of the experiment revealed that grey mullet fed with JE10 and JE15 diets showed better growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and digestive enzymatic activities than the control group, and use of diet containing 10 g/kgJ.adhaerens</em> could suggest for grey mullet.

This study was conducted to evaluate the use of beta carotene as a synthetic pigment and spirulina algae and yellow sweet pepper as natural pigments on pigmentation and growth performance of Labidochromis caeruleus. has been studied in 120 Labidochromis caeruleus fish of average weight (2.51±0.05 gr) in 3 treatments and 1 control and each with 3 replicates. Twelve aquariums of 30 ×40×70 dimension were used. The control group had no food additives (basic food was fed). of Flower horn in 12 aquariums Equal to 10 fish per aquarium. The trial was continued for 8 weeks. The control group had no food additives (basic food was fed). First treatment beta carotene (40 mg/Kg food), treatment 2 spirulina algae and treatment 3 yellow sweet pepper (each one with level of 10 gr/Kg food)) The significance of them was analyzed using One-way ANOVA analysis software Spss 19. Also some index of growth like BWI, FCR, and SGR.  Also, at the end of the period from each treatment, 9 fish were selected at to random. To assess the color change, the colorimetric system L*a*b* was used, using device CHROMA METER CR_40. There was no significant difference regarding all three factors. Generally, it can be concluded that the use of beta carotene، spirulina algae، yellow sweet pepper of walnuts to fish food ration, cause no impact on some growth factors and as well as survival rate and food conversion rate, but the apparent color index impact was significanot (P>0.05). Also, the results showed that there was no significant difference in growth indices between fed treatments containing beta-carotene, spirulina algae and pepper bacilli with control treatment (P>0.05).

Barbus grypus is an indigenous fish species of Khuzestan province which is important in Fishery manufacturing industry. There is no enough information about biochemical parameters and metabolism in this species. So at this study Lipid and Lipoprotein parameters of serum, liver and muscle has been studied. For this purpose, 72 pieces of adult fish (36 males and 36 female) were prepared from Azadegaan culturing and examined. Blood got by caudal vein puncture Then the fishes euthanized. Pieces of liver and muscle approximately 1 gram, removed lipid extraction was down by organic solvents and analyzed by spectrophotometric methods. Results showed that the means of total lipids, TG, TC, HDL-c, VLDL-c and LDL-c in serum are 488.174, 179.88, 252.958, 71.65, 36.343 and 128.041 respectively. In liver total lipids, TG, TC were 73.407, 43.109 and 1.053 respectively and in muscle total lipids, TG, TC 33.831, 19.417 and 0.703 respectively. In comparison between male and female, total lipids, TG, TC and VLDL-c in serum showed significant difference (P< 0.05). Also in muscle total lipids, TG, TC showed significant difference between two sexes (P> 0.05).

Morphometric characters are essential and important to estimate the population of fish species. This study be done to examine length-weight relationshipin four species including Netuma thalassina (Rüppell, 1837), Plicofollis dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1840), Netuma bilineata (Valenciennes, 1840) and Plicofollis layardi (Günther, 1866)from Persian Gulf coasts. The sampling be done during spring 2016 to winter 2017, monthly, through the fixed coastal Moshta and Trawl tours. In total, 495 fishes were collected including 212 P. dussumieri, 151 N. thalassina, 120 P. layardi, and 12 N. bilineata. The significant differences were observed in total length and total weight between four catfish species. The comparison of total length and total weight showed the significant differences between four seasons. The autumn and summer included the highest (42.80%) and the lowest (16%) of species percentage. The maximum of total length was observed in P. dussumieri during summer (Mean 45.24±0.70) and the minimum in P. layardi during autumn (Mean 15.08±3.83). The maximum of total weight was for P. dussumieri during autumn (Mean 1135.80±360.86) and the minimum in P. layardi during autumn (Mean 40.20±3.39). In total, the different morphometric relationships in four species represent the strong correlation between total length and total weight. Among catfishes, N. thalassina (R2=0.98, P<0.05), P. dussumieri (R2=0.97, P<0.05), and P. layardi (R2=0.99, P<0.05)showed the isometric growth, whereas, the allometric growth was observed in N. bilineata (R2=0.98, P>0.05).

Study of the diversity and genetic structure of various fish species are one of the most basic indexes for preservation and restoration of their reserves. the aim of this study is to review taxonomy of a genus of hillstream loaches paraschistura, by molecular methods using gene sequences obtained by cytochrome oxidase gen in the south of Iran. For this purpose, an adult sample of any species which include: 7 specimens P.bamporensis, 3specimens P. sargadensis, 4specimens P.hormozensis, and 5specimens Parascshistura sp. was collected from south of Iran. DNA of these samples was extracted by genomic kit and FCOI20' primer, and was multiplied during PCR process and sequencing after electrophoresis. in order to study phylogenetic relations of COI gene of above mentioned fishes MEGA6 software was used .the results of the study showed that samples of paraschistura genus are placed in 4 clades. Samples of p.bampurensis from different locations with evolutionary distance (0.005-0.128) and P. sargadensis are located in one clade close to each other. samples of p.hormozensis with evolutionary distances (0.042) are located on separate clades. accordingly P. abdolii, P. naumani AND P. delvarii with evolutionary distances (0.042-0.206) and Parascshistura sp With an evolutionary distance(0.030-0.185) are located on separate clades.Considering the distance of location from each other and also study of morphological traits, molecular results were consistent with morphological traits. Phylogenetic tree analysis in this study shows that morphologic characters together with molecular identification are needed to support recognition of species.

The present study investigates, the effects of different doses of diazinon on the expression of vitellogenin (Vtg) gene in females Zebrafish (Danio rerio</em>). For this purpose, 600 Zebrafish with average weight of 0.15+ 0.01 gr in 4 treatments and 3 replicates for one month were exposed to three doses of 0.8, 0.1 and 3.2 mg /ll of diazinon, and a control group for 30 days. At the end of fexpriment,RNA extracted from liver and brain, cDNA syntesised with Superscript RTase kit and PCR were done using primers relate to Vtg and  Beta-actin as housekeeping gene. The evaluation of the expression of the vitellogenin gene showed significant reduction in diazinon-treated groups compared to the control. In the diazinon-treated groups (0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 mg / L), the expression of the vitellogenin gene was 0.9, 0.96 and 0.39 fold of control, respectively, which showed dose-dependent reduction pattern (P≤0.05). The results of this study indicate that diazinone can have a negative effect on the growth and development of sexual cells in zebra fish.

To investigate physiologic responses, the induced tensions and stress among Caspian Sea Rutilus frisii caused through gillnet fishing operations were evaluated using fixed gillnets deployed at a depth of 0.5 to 5 m along the shore. The blood samples of the fish trapped at zero, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24hrs of entanglement were collected for examining their physiologic responses. Blood samplings were done at varying temperature (approximate 100c and 150c). Cortisol, plasma glucose and Heat Shock Protein (HSP70) levels were examined. The results indicated a direct link between stress and water temperature, suggesting higher blood sample values in warmer waters than those of in lower water temperature. In both temperatures, Cortisol contents showed significant differences in the blood samples obtained at all time intervals (P≤0.05). Cortisol accounted for 100% increase level. The amount of Plasma glucose and thermal shock protein (HSP70) did not show any significant difference between blood samples at time intervals (P≥0.05).The amount of plasma glucose and Heat Shock Protein (HSP70) showed a gradual increase, reflecting the impact of timing of stress on the above parameters. The fish perished after 18hrs of entanglement in gillnets. The fish mortalities began six hours following entanglement. This study shows that the acute gillnet-induced stress is highly lethal and that fish cannot tolerate stress and continue to survive for 18 hours in entanglement.

Determining rangeland suitability for different uses is one of the goals for natural resource management and it is guarantor of sustainable development, as well. The purpose of this study was to study the suitability of different plant types in the rangelands of Tabriz area for beekeeping. Using the vegetation type maps of the area as well as studies related to the attractiveness of plants, the number of attractive species for the plant types was determined and the final map of the potential classification of types was prepared from the point of view of beekeepers. The results showed that there are 250 attractive species for honey bee in the region. The most species is pollen and mosquito species blongs to the type of Bromus tomentollus-Astragalus chrysostachys-Acantholimon bracteatum with 68 species. The plant types of Aeluropus littoralis and Halocnemum strabilaceum have no attractive species for honey bee. Soil salinity in the fields and salt lands around Lake Urmia has reduced the potential of the types in these areas. The total area of rangeland area was 715573 ha and about 550873 hectares (77%) have high and medium capacity for breeding bee honey. Therefore, most of the study area has a medium class (S2) for beekeeping potential and attractive honey bee plants. According to the results, more than half of the rangelands of the region have a moderate to high potential for beekeeping which by following the principles of beekeeping, income earning can be achieved by reducing livestock pressure on rangeland regeneration, which ultimately leads to the systematic and proper management of regional rangeland, soil and water conservation, and enhancement of vegetation.

During researches carried out in saline marshlands and dandies in the central regions of Iran in the years of 1395 and 1396, 21 samples were collected by the hand-trapping method in 3 seasons of spring, summer and autumn from 5 stations. Of these, nine species belonging to 5 genera and 5 tribes and two subfamilies of Myrmicinae and Formicinae were identified. Species identified are: Subfamily: Myrmicinae Tribe: Stenammini Genus: Messor Species: 1)Messor ebeninus Tribe: Solenopsidini Genus: Monomorium Species: 2)Monomorium indicum 3)M. rimae n. sp. Tribe: Crematogastrini Genus: Tetramorium Species: 4)Tetramorium sp. Subfamily: Formicinae Tribe: Formicini Genus: Cataglyphis Species: 5)Cataglyphis niger 6)C. bellicosus 7)C. setipes 8)C. lividus Tribe: Plagiolepidini Genus: Lepisiota Species: 9)Lepisiota dolabellae All species are reported for the first time from salt marshes and saline soils in the central regions of Iran and also all the identified species verified by prof. Brian Taylor, a member of the Royal Society of British Entomological Society.

Shrimp is one of the most important food items in the southern parts of the country, especially Hormozgan province. Therefore, harvest management of shrimp stocks was an issue that has always been taken into consideration for sustainable catches. In this study, the relationship between meteorological factors (wind speed average, temperature and rainfall) was evaluated with catch rate at shrimp catch season (7 Oct. - 6 Dec.) in the period of 1985-2015. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was used in order to investigate the selected climatic parameters with shrimp catching. The results of the KMO index in this test were 0.71 and Bartlett's test was significant. The results of special values, variances and cumulative variables and factor loads related to the components showed that the first component((Shrimp catch(0.03), wind speed average(0.06), temperature(0.82) and rainfall(0.33)) with 33.58% and the second component(( Shrimp catch(0.76), wind speed average(-0.84), temperature(0.28) and rainfall(0.79))with 28.67% of the total variances (62.25%), can be used to verify the identification the most important parameters affecting on shrimp changes in the province during the last thirty years .In addition, evaluation of factors related to factor loading obtained from PCA showed that rainfall (0.79) and wind speed average(-0.84), in the second component, had the most positive and negative effect on shrimp catching changes (0.76) respectively. The effect of wind on the reduction of commercial shrimp catch may be related to the lower efficiency of trawl gear due to not placing the otter board trawl on the sea bed. It is probable that the annual rainfall will not be effect on the catch in catching area, and their effect may be on the stock of young shrimp in nursery grounds last year.

The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial and physicochemical parameters of  Neur Lake water. Five stations (studied stations according to geographical location, water elevation, flows to the lake) were selected. Sampling was done twice in year, once in spring and summer and Autumn 1395. The microbial tests were performed including counting the total number of bacteria, total coliform and fecal coliform, streptococcus and sulfite Reducing Bacteria. The highest density of heterotrophic bacteria was in summer and at station 1 (50,000 cfu / ml). The highest levels of fecal coliforms were at station 1 and 3 (110 cfu / ml) in autumn. The highest incidence of streptococcus was at station 3 (110 cfu / ml) in summer.The highest frequency of sulfite reduction bacteria was at station 1 in the spring at PO4mg / l, NH4mg / l and NO3mg / l in all seasons in the EPA standard. The COD, BOD and pH in some seasons were higher than the standard EPA standard The amount of heterotrophic bacteria, total coliform and streptococus in some seasons and stations was higher than the standard, due to the increase of environment and water temperature, Passing livestock in the region, and some tourist and agricultural activities in the warm seasons. Wind and water turbulence and sediment increase in the autumn were the causes of microbial contamination in Neur Lake. The lake is not desirable for fish species, especially cold water, due to the high parameters of physical and chemical properties of water.

Benthic communities are considered as bio-indicators in aquatic ecosystems. The purpose of the present study was to the biological evaluated of the Aji Sou River based macrobenthic population structure. Macrobenthic invertebrate samples were collected seasonally from 4 stations (each with 3 replications) for one year using a Surber sampler with a coating surface 30 × 30 cm. Totally, 1106 samples of benthic organism were identified, which highest frequency was observed for Diptera and Ephemeroptera in the autumn, while other frequent bastards had a low prevalence rate. The largest distribution of the benthos was obtained at stations 2 and 3. Multi-dimensional Scaling (MDS) and clustering chart show that, due to the frequency of Diptera,Oligocheta and Ephemeroptera orders at stations 2, 3 and 4 of the autumn and summer, the groups are separated in 3 separate sections. Diversity index (Shannon-Weaver), dominancy index (Simpson) and species richness (Margalof) was statistical analyzed. Results of this study indicate that the most diversity index (1.36±0.16), dominancy index (0.77±0.03) and species richness (1.37±0.21) were in fall season, while the lowest amount was obtained in the warm season (summer). There were significant correlations between the different index of biological and some water parameters, including temperature, Do, salinity, EC and TDS. Overall, the results were determined that aquatic insects constitute the dominant population of the benthic fauna in Aji-Su River. The Macrobenthos had the greatest density and diversity in the autumn.

Trophic status of Zayandeh-rood dam water and changes in that were investigated in autumn and winter. Sampling was performed in October, November, January, and February of 2010-11 with 45-d intervals. Nine different sampling points was defined in three different stations, including first three points in lake input, another three points was close to Chadegan village area and the last three points was close to dam crest. Water sampling was done from 30 cm depth of water column in each sampling point by using of Nansen bottle. Water transparency was determined by Secchi disk (1.0-4.30 m), total phosphorus were 0.01-11.57 mg/l, total nitrogen were 0.2-2.20 mg/l and chlorophyll-a were obtained 0-8.84 mg/l in this study. The trophic state index (TSI) was determined for phosphorus 25.22, 33.37, 29.80 and 31.02 at four above-mentioned times. The TSI for chlorophyll a were 44.82, 31.28, 32.37 and 35.14 respectively while this value for Secchi depth was 40.83, 42.42, 50.34 and 48.29, respectively at four sampling time. The obtained appropriate relationship between chlorophyll-a and total phosphorus revealed the important role of this element in algae growth rate while Secchi depth is mainly related to silt particle, washed from ambient land following the raining in these seasons. The TSI mean in all sampling times was 36.5-38.8, showing that the lake can be oligotrophic in autumn and winter. In addition, this lake was an oligotrophic lake based on measured amount of chlorophyll a and total phosphorus in water though the Secchi depth categorized this lake as a mesotrophic.