Journal of Pathobiology Reaearch
Volume:22 Issue: 3, 2019

 Using osteoinductive agents in combination with tissue engineering scaffolds is considered as a new approach to bone repair. Recently, statins have attracted great attention among a variety of drugs used in bone repair. In order to achieve a sustained release of Atorvastatin from bone scaffolds, two systems, including nanoniosomes and gelatin microspheres, were synthesized and compared.

 Nanoniosomes and gelatin microspheres were prepared by thin-film hydration and single emulsion technique, respectively.

 The prepared systems were characterized for morphology, size, carriers’ preparation efficiency, encapsulation efficiency, and drug loading. Also, release profiles of them were evaluated over a period of one week. The results indicated the formation of relatively spherical niosomes with the diameter of about 653.52nm and encapsulation efficiency of 81.34%, and formation of gelatin microspheres with the diameter of about 37.5μm and the encapsulation efficiency of 78.93%.

 The results showed that gelatin microspheres had a lower burst release than niosomes, and niosomes had more sustained release than gelatin microspheres after 24hr to 1 week. Albeit, selection of the optimal system requires cellular studies and also the selection must occur according to the severity of the damage and the rate of repair.

 The present study aimed to evaluate the developmental rate of ovarian follicles and the incidence of cell death in grafted immature mouse ovarian tissue encapsulated and non-capsulated in sodium alginate.

 Female (NMRI) mice (n=50) were divided into 3 groups as follows: Group A; the right ovary was removed and encapsulated in sodium alginate then transplanted under kidney capsule, Group B; the right ovary was removed and without encapsulation transplanted under kidney capsule, in both transplanted groups the left ovary was intact. Group C; control group, both ovaries were intact. After transplantation, in the first and fourth estrous cycles at proestrus phase. The morphology of the grafted ovaries, and the percentage of normal follicles were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The incidence of apoptosis cell death was evaluated by anti-BAX immunohistochemical staining.

 At first and fourth estrous cycle, almost 99.5% of follicles had normal morphology and no significant difference was observed between the groups. The follicular development and growth rate in the two grafted groups, was significantly higher than the control group, moreover, these rates were higher in the capsulated group than non-capsulated once (p<0.05). In spite of the presence of some BAX positive cells in the preantral and antral follicles, there was no remarkable reaction for BAX antibody in the primordial and primary follicles in studied groups.

 Despite the high developmental rat and premature ovarian reserve depletion in grafted groups that can affect the longevity of transplanted tissue, while sodium alginate has a positive effect on the follicular development in grafted tissue.

 Nesfatin-1 is an adipokine that plays an important role in regulating appetite and energy homeostasis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sequence order of combined strength and endurance training on the levels of nesfatin-1 and some metabolic risk factors of overweight women.

 In this quasi-experimental study, 30 overweight women (With a mean age of 28.00±3.17 years and BMI>25kg/m2), after initial evaluations and having the conditions for participation in the research, were randomly divided into 3 endurance-strength training groups (E+S; 10), strength-endurance training (S+E; 10) and overweight control (10). Experimental groups performed endurance and strength training for 8 weeks, 3 sessions each week and each session for 1 hour. Levels of nesfatin-1, insulin, glucose, and Insulin resistance before running the protocol and 48 hours after the last training session was measured by ELISA. To analyze the data, One-way ANOVA were used at a significance level of p≤0.05.

 The results showed that in the comparison between the group, the combination of strength and resistance training increased the levels of nesfatin-1 significantly (p=0.009) and a significant reduction in glucose levels (p=0.009), insulin resistance (p=0.001) and insulin (p=0.001) was also observed.

 According to the results, strength and endurance combined exercises can be effective on levels of metabolic indexes and leads to a decrease in metabolic risk indicators. Strength-endurance training seems to have more beneficial effects on the improvement of metabolic indexes.

Nef protein has been considered as an attractive target for the development of therapeutic HIV-1 vaccine. Furthermore, strong immunological properties of heat shock proteins (HSPs) led to their use as an immunomodulator or antigen carrier for subunit vaccine candidates. In the current study, the generation of Hsp20-Nef fusion protein was performed in E. coli expression system, and its immunogenicity was evaluated in BALB/c mice.

At first, expression of Hsp20-Nef recombinant protein was studied in E. coli BL21 and Rosetta strains by SDS-PAGE and western blotting using anti-Nef monoclonal antibody. Then, the recombinant protein was purified by a reverse staining method. Finally, its potency was evaluated to elicit antibody response against HIV-1 Nef antigen using indirect ELISA in mice.

Our data showed a clear band of ~1230bp related to Hsp20-Nef fusion on agarose gel indicating the correct gene cloning in pET28a vector. The expression of Hsp20-Nef protein was confirmed as a clear band of ~47 kDa in SDS-PAGE and western blotting. In the immunological assay, the Hsp20-Nef protein and also the Nef protein emulsified with Freund’s adjuvant significantly enhanced the level of total IgG as compared to other groups. Moreover, the immunogenicity of Hsp20-Nef was higher than Freund’s adjuvant/Nef in protein regimens (p<0.05).

The Hsp20-Nef fusion protein was effectively expressed in E. coli prokaryotic system and significantly induced antibody response against HIV-1 Nef antigen.

 Growing experiments show that biomaterials that have a bioactive glass (BG) indicate encouraging effects on bone tissue repair. Strontium-substituted BGs (BG/Sr) have been confirmed to improve bone formation while preventing bone resorption by osteoclasts.

 This study aimed to evaluate the potential of strontium substitution on bioglass/gelatin (Gel) osteogenesis in critically sized rabbit calvarial defects. Defects were treated with Gel-BG or Gel-BG/Sr scaffolds and one defect was left unfilled as a control. Bone regeneration and mineralization process were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin, Masson’s trichrome and Alizarin Red staining after 4 and 8 weeks post-implantation.

 Based on the histological findings, newly formed bone area in scaffolds containing BG/Sr was greater than that without Sr after 8 weeks.

 Our results specified that BG/Sr containing scaffolds could better increase bone regeneration than those without Sr and could be considered as a bone graft in bone tissue engineering.

Premature ovarian failure is a syndrome causing amenorrhea, infertility, and increases gonadotropin levels before age 40. The use of chemotherapy drugs can be one of the reasons that lead to this disorder. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of germ cells markers in mice model of premature ovarian failure following chemotherapy drugs.

In this study, 24 mature female mice were used to create a premature ovarian failure model, different amount of cyclophosphamide and busulfan were applied (experimental groups 1 to 5). Bodyweight change, vaginal smear, morphological alternation of ovarian tissue in both experimental and control (without treatment) groups were evaluated and for the best model, hormonal evaluation (FSH, E2), and expression of germline markers (Oct4, Dazl) were examined.

Since, in the second group estrus cycle disorder, the significant decrease in weight and ovarian reserve (p˂0.05) were observed, compared to the control group, so this group was chosen as the best model. An increase in FSH level and reduction in estradiol level in the second group, compared with the control group (p˂0.05), confirmed creation of the POF model. Also, genes expression of Oct-4 and Dazl showed an increase (p˂0.05) in the second group compared with the control one.

The presence of germ cells markers in a mouse model of premature ovarian failure following the use of chemotherapy drugs can be a new hope in the treatment of infertility in cancer patients after chemotherapy.

One of the most important applications of tissue engineering is aiding in the healing and regeneration of damaged tissues. There are many methods, which can be used to control the healing process and direct it to complete regeneration of the damaged tissue. Considering advances in the understanding of different aspects of the healing process, it is obvious that the immune system and inflammatory factors which are excreted by immune cells play an important role in complete regeneration. Actually, without the presence of the immune system, the healing process would not progress properly. Recently, the direction of researches in immunotherapy is toward using tissue engineering techniques for control and manipulation of the activity of immune cells. In this approach, implantation of biomaterials and scaffolds could be utilized for the stimulation of immune cells and secretion of different cytokines in order to improve the healing process. Biomaterial engineering approaches can manipulate and improve the effectiveness of the immune cells on tissue regeneration process via changing scaffolds surface properties (e.g. topography, roughness, crosslinking, and porosity), shape and geometry, size and surface chemistry and also providing sustainable release of cytokines and cell therapy. In this review, we focus on different aspects of the immune system effects on tissue regeneration. We also overview the tissue engineering methods for control and manipulation of the immune cells, which are participating in the healing process.