نشریه پژوهش های ادبی
پیاپی 49 (پاییز 1394)

Mongol raids set the stage for emergence and growth of social manias. The lack of social identity leads to this illness and the patient is treated by regaining his social identity. Javini, in the Statement of Tarabi’s Exit, has presented a precise narration of this ailment, its spread, and terms of treatment. Cases such as speaking with elf, related hallucinations and unwanted trends, and belief in treatment have been detailed by Javini in his book. Such beliefs have also been common among Mongols, so they maintained a cautious stand toward Tarabi and his associates, making a confrontation against him a difficult task.Tarabi’s rebellion brings about several social consequences, such as fragility of ruling system; destruction of agriculture in Bukhara, demolition of city, fall of Aale Borhan; massacre of nearly 30,000 people in the battle against Tarabi; resurgence of rebellion in Bukhara, and the exposure of the residents of this city to mass murder. Javini doesn’t consider Tarabi and his followers justified to confront Mongols and slams Tarabi for the consequences of his uprising. Obviously, such criticisms are not tantamount to supporting Mongols.

This article studies Sanai’s views on the four domains of definition, status, and criticism of poetry, in addition to the bond between poetry and religion. In his definition or interpretation of poetry, he opposes the element of imagination and considers it to be the opposite of research. In his poems, Sanai has at times observed poetry and religion to be against and at other times to be in line with each other. Sanai, in his works, has criticized poetry and poets. The root causes of his criticism include plagiarism, rise of poets from among common people, and hollowness of some poems.

In this research, repetition is one of the factors that bond texts which are longer than a sentence. In order to perceive the relationship between repetition and goal; two criteria of harmony and purposefulness have been used. One of the means for assessment of goal is Grice cooperation principle, which is considered as the foundation of all dialogs. Repetition apparently violates the cooperation principle and breaches Grice quality rule. However, via this means, the poet is able to imply his goals to the reader. Study of the collection of poems entitled: “Seday-e Paay-e Aab” composed by Sohrab Sepehri, showed that one of types of repetition, referred to as balance highly contributes to harmony of his poems. In this case, the similar grammatical structures are repeated, thereby conveying goals to the readers, and also influencing the general structure and aim of the text. The goal of this study has been to understand the relationship of balance with the text’s structure and goals of the author. To prove this subject, the collection of poems, referred to as Hajm-e Sabz, has been studied to show that repetition of terms and grammatical structure in the entire poem or a significant part of poem leads to creation of role models, identification of the structure, solidification of the text, and reinforcement of textuality.

Given that the contemporary acclaimed Iranian poets have sought to create artistic wonders and innovations in their poems, they have developed their poems with the assistance of imagination, depictions, and symbols.This article intends to portray one of such fresh functions, in which the poets in their poems have spoken of domesticated and even wild animals. Some poets, by focusing on the cryptic and symbolic displays of each animal, have conveyed their poetic message and some others have deplored the appalling conditions of animals upon observation of their difficulties.At the end of the article it has been shown that this symbolic and cryptic approach of the contemporary poets has been for expression of their inner feelings, and statement of shortcomings and problems. The outcomes of this fresh outlook of poets have been partly expressed.

This article focuses on application of continuous and free themes, comparatively studying the themes of Gonbad-e Siah and Gonbad-e Meshkin myths. These themes maintain a temporal-caustic relationship and lack the temporal element, while describing a thing and/or a mood. In both narrations, the continuous themes are considered as fixed and unchangeable elements of the story. However, the terms of usage of the capacities of free themes in these two narrations differs. Nezami, in contrast to Amir Khosrow, appropriately uses these capacities. The secondary element of description helps advance the story by depiction objects and locations and registers believable times and locations for these events. The narrator, via apparent incidents, and psychological means, especially ethical topics, delays the readout of the text, leading to creation of a highly attractive narration.

Contradiction and overlap of alternative marks and concepts revolve round replacement of language. In any narration, whether it is descriptive or anecdotal, the narrator can choose one case from a number of marks to introduce the action or situation. That mark allows the said action or situation to be introduced with relatively precise and certain boundaries. Whenever the said boundaries lose their certainty due to overlap or interference of alternate marks, contradiction has occurred. Meanwhile, the level of similarity or difference of alternative marks is at times so stark or so minor, as if though there is no paradox. A variety of contradictions are evident in all literary forms. However, all-encompassing and large-scale contradictions are observed in some schools of thought or literary genres as the result of their ideological backbone or style. In post-modern literature, due to uncertainty in this genre, a variety of paradoxes are evident, and the ensuing obscurity baffles the reader. On this basis, from the two macro forms of apparent and connotative contradictions, the aspects of the latter type have been determined, classified, and analyzed within the works of four prominent authors based on the descriptive-analytical methodology. Based on results, contradictory characterization, overlap of the domains of tales and factual stories, and multilateral commitments, have been named as the main reasons behind the ambiguity of works.