مجله سلامت و سالمندی خزر
سال چهارم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

Attachment style plays an important role in the continuity of active life in the elderly, which increases the chance of survival and life as well as reduces stress and adverse effects of life. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and their related factors in older adults.

Participants were 235 elders, selected using stratified random sampling from Retirement Centers in Sari. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire and Hazan and Shaver’s Attachment Style Questionnaire  (1987). Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 through descriptive and inferential tests at P<0.05.

Totally, 51.9% of the participants were women. The mean age of the participants in the current study was 68.2 ± 6.9 years with a range of 60-89 years. The mean score of the pattern of attachment style was 45.3 ± 6.7. The highest and lowest means in attachment styles of elderly were related to secure attachment (16.5 ± 3.3) and avoidant attachment (13.6 ± 4.7), respectively. Most of the elderly (38.7%) had secure attachment. The most common attachment style was ambivalent (18.7%) in the female elderly and secure (20.4%) in the male elderly. There was a significant difference among the elderly under support of Sari Retirement Centers in terms of attachment styles in marital status, family status and physical activity status (P > 0.05).

Providing widespread psychological and social support during aging can provide a secure attachment style for the elderly, which can be effective in coping with and adapting to life-threatening events and can be used to better understand and predict the attitude and satisfaction of the elderly.

Hopelessness is one of the most important psychological problems in hemodialysis patients in severe stages of the disease. Hope plays an important role in confronting with the problems and their tensions, and is effective as a potentially powerful factor in improving and adapting patients. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between hope and demographic characteristics in hemodialysis patients.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 103 patients undergoing hemodialysis in the Rasht Razi Dialysis Center in 2017. Data were collected using Snyder’s Hope and Demographic Characteristics Inventory. The data were analyzed using descriptive (tables of frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation) and analytical statistics (ANOVA and T-test) on SPSS 16, considering the significant level of p<0.05.

A majority of patients (54.36%) had high hope. Moreover, the mean and standard deviation of hope value was higher in patients with academic education (41.67%±10.0), history of dialysis <1 year (40.11±9.5), sufficient income (45.62±11.3) and history of kidney transplant (40.0±7.9) as well as in patients who were self-employed (40.82±12.2) and married (36.86±8.8). A significant difference was found between the hope value and variables of education level, income status and hypertension (P<0.05).

According to the results, the patients' hope level is influenced by some demographic characteristics including gender, education level, occupational status, income and history of dialysis. The results of this study can be taken into consideration by the authorities to provide the necessary planning and measures to promote the hope and improve the health of hemodialysis patients.

Anxiety control is one of the essential elements in nursing practice. Nursing theories are guiding resources for clinical nursing practice (CNP). Betty Neuman's System Theory is one of the nursing theories to reduce the anxiety levels. The present study aimed to review the application of Betty Neuman's theory in CNP.

This integrated review study was carried out in five stages (literature searching and selection; data evaluation, data extraction and data classification) in 2019. Literature searching was done through databases such as Magiran, SID, Scopus, PubMed, Web of sciences, Google Scholar, and CINAHL without time Limitations. The search was performed using the keywords including Betty Neumann's System Theory, Betty Neumann's Nursing Theory, anxiety, homeostasis, lines of resistance, basic structure, flexible line of defense, normal life of defense. In the initial search, 75 articles were found and finally, 11 ones were selected after reviewing the inclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria were papers related to nursing, access to full text of papers and papers published in both Persian and English language. Exclusion criteria were tool constructing, duplicate papers and lack of access to full text of papers.

Application of Betty Newman Theory positively impacted on reducing anxiety in the patients with multiple sclerosis and laryngeal cancer, in patients undergoing surgery, anesthesia and coronary artery bypass surgery and in patients admitted to the intensive care unit; on reducing the nausea and vomiting induced chemotherapy, caring of the patients with peripheral vein catheter, managing the delirium of specially-minded patients, determining the risk factors and appropriate interventions for smokers, supporting the accident victims' families, nursing education and care challenges.

Betty Neuman's System Theory has a beneficial effect on reducing anxiety in the clients. Therefore, enhancement the nurses' awareness of doing nursing interventions based on the Betty Newman Theory helps to improve the care quality for clients.

Elder abuse causes complications such as injury or physical pain, violation of human rights and reduced quality of life in the elderly. Despite the importance of the issue, there is still insufficient information in assessing risk factors for elder abuse. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between elder abuse by family and demographic characteristics of the elderly hospitalized in Guilan University of Medical Sciences.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed with the participation of 132 hospitalized elderly who met the inclusion criteria. Stratified sampling was done. Data collection tool was "Elder Abuse in the family "questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 using descriptive statistics and Spearman correlation coefficient.

Among the dimensions of the elder abuse, the caring neglect subscale with the mean of 13.06 (±1.87) and the emotional neglect subscale with the mean of 3.48 (±0.64) had the lowest share in the elder abuse by family. The findings also showed that there was a significant correlation between the caring neglect, psychological abuse, physical abuse, financial abuse, deprivation, financial neglect and emotional neglect subscales with some demographic characteristics of the elderly (P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between the abandonment subscale and demographic characteristics of the elderly (P <0.05).

The results indicate that there is a relationship between different dimensions of elder abuse with demographic characteristics of the elderly and this group is exposed to various types of abuse. It is suggested that appropriate plans be taken by the relevant authorities to prevent and eliminate elder abuse.

The number of the elderly with chronic renal failure has increased across the world. Although hemodialysis is the most common and appropriate therapy for the elderly, it involves certain challenges. The aim of this study was to investigate the stressors and fatigue in elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 60 elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis in two dialysis centers of Babol Shahid Beheshti and Behshahr Imam Khomeini Hospitals in 2018. Sampling was done using available method. Data were collected via demographic questionnaire, brief fatigue inventory and hemodialysis stress scale. Questionnaires were completed by the researcher and finally, data were analyzed by SPSS 19 using descriptive and analytical statistics.

Based on the results, the mean age of participants was 73.43±7.87. The mean score of fatigue in the elderly under hemodialysis was 7.51±1.37 and the mean score of stressors was 81.85 ± 9.31, indicating that there is severe fatigue and stress in the elderly. Among physiological stressors, the frequent and severe arteriovenous perforations as well as fatigue, and among psychosocial stressors, the fluid restriction, physical activity restriction, fear of loneliness and diet restriction were the most frequent stressors in the elderly undergoing hemodialysis. There was a significant relationship between duration of hemodialysis with stressors and fatigue (p<0/05).

The findings can help nurses develop age-appropriate strategies to prevent or reduce stressors and thereby promote optimal well-being of the elderly undergoing hemodialysis, who may spend the rest of their lives on hemodialysis.
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An important feature of the aging period is compatibility with physical, psychological and social changes. Due to the various challenges that arise from late adulthood to aging, aging is defined as a process that requires continuous compatibility.

The population of this qualitative study was selected among the elderly of Yazd City using content analysis. In 2018, purposive sampling was continued until data saturation. Data were collected through 52 semi-structured interviews, of which 26 (13 women and 13 men) with the older adults and 26 (13 women and 13 men) with the oldest old population. The data were analyzed simultaneously with data collection via qualitative content method and Colaizzi's analysis.

Data analysis led to the identification and extraction of two themes or categories that reflected the experiences of the old-old and oldest-old population toward compatibility with aging and included two categories of efficient and inefficient compatibility.

The old-old and oldest-old men and women believe that receiving financial assistance and welfare services from government institutions is considered a useful compatibility, which is further emphasized with aging and entering in to the aging.

 Due to the prevalence and increasing trend of hypertension in urban communities, less research has been conducted in rural population. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypertension and its related factors in the elderly population living in the rural areas of the city of Germy.

 The statistical population of this cross-sectional study was the elderly living in rural areas of Germy. Data were collected through multi-stage random sampling and analyzed using SPSS and relevant statistical tests.

 The prevalence of hypertension in the elderly living in rural areas of Germy city was estimated 23.29%. Statistically, the prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in men than women (p˂0.05). Hypertension was 2.1 times higher in those with undesirable family relationship than the rest (OR=2.13, p=0.008). Moreover, the favorable economic status significantly increased the chance of hypertension in the studied samples (OR=1.87, p=0.003).

 The results indicated high prevalence of hypertension in the elderly living in rural areas of Germy. The prevalence of hypertension was higher in men than women. Over 60 years of age, high BMI, favorable economic status, stress and poor family relationships were factors associated with hypertension in the elderly.

The menstrual synchrony is a process in which the onset of a menstrual cycle is very close in people living together. The question is arisen whether menstrual synchrony can be affected by common environmental and social factors, especially food, similar life patterns and common stress periods. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between menstrual synchrony and common activities.

This descriptive study was conducted on 182 female students residing in dormitory of Islamic Azad University of Tonekabon-Iran in 2017-2018. In this study, sampling method was available and relevant information was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire on a monthly basis during 6 consecutive months from November 2017 to May 2018. This questionnaire included 19 items. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was assessed and its reliability was 0.729 based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed via descriptive statistics including mean, standard deviation and frequency as well as inferential statistics such as Spearman and Friedman’s correlation coefficient and T-test using SPSS 22.

According to the findings, there was a significant correlation between the activities of student roommates and menstrual synchrony in three consecutive months. In fact, the significant relationship was observed during a short time when the studied groups were influenced by similar patterns. However, no significant relationship was found with the starting of holidays and disruption of ongoing factors of common activities.

The results showed that there was a significant relationship between menstrual synchrony and common activities stated in questionnaire during three consecutive months. It means that the more common activities (especially consumption of food, similar life patterns and so on) are, the more menstrual synchrony is observed. The role of common activities is crucial in menstrual synchrony. Common activities are even more important than living together, hence; further studies should be performed in this field.