فصلنامه انتظام اجتماعی
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1398)

All societies are subject to abnormal behaviors, but identifying the potential for abnormalities - the hidden capacity of society to abide by norms - can provide a clear perspective of the contexts and capacities of society for harm, disorder, tensions and turmoil. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of general pressure on the potential of abnormal behaviors based on Agnio's five-step theory.

The method of this study is survey and the statistical population consisted of all 18-65-year-old citizens of rural and urban areas of Kohkiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province. The sample size was set as 450. The samples were selected using multistage random sampling method. The research instrument was a combination of a researcher-made and a standard questionnaire whose validity was assessed by content validity, face validity, and construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis and its reliability was measured by Kuder-Richardson method. Structural equation modeling and LISREL software were used to test the hypotheses. 

The structural equations modelling of the research indicates that general pressure has a positive effect on the potential for abnormal behavior and is able to explain 41% of the dependent variable changes. Also, the effect size of general pressure on the potential of abnormal behaviors is 0.64 which is significant with respect to the t-value (t = 6.9) and it indicates that every per unit change in general pressure would cause 0.64 of the potential for abnormal behavior in the positive direction of change. Also, with the entry of demographic variables as control variables, there was a significant difference between men and women, single and married, urban and rural individuals in potential abnormal behavior.

The result of the present study is along with Agnio's theory and shows that with increasing public pressure, the likelihood of abnormal behaviors in society is significantly increased, so that whenever positive stimuli are eliminated or negative stimuli are increased, pressure is created and this leads to deviant responses.

Due to busy work, the staff members of police stations are exposed to disruptive factors, especially job burnout. The purpose of the present study is to determine the relationship between job burnout and organizational performance in the police stations of Islamshahr.

In terms of its objectives, this study is of an applied research type and in terms of methodology it is considered as a descriptive study. In order to collect data, Maslach Job Burnout Questionnaire and Hershey and Goldsmith Organizational Performance Questionnaire were employed. Reliability of the questionnaires was calculated using Cronbach's alpha (0.87 and 0.93, respectively). The statistical population of the study consisted of 168 employees of the Eslamshahr police stations, 59 of whom were selected using simple random sampling method. The obtained data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson correlation and Spearman tests. 

With a confidence level of 0.95, there is a significant negative correlation between job burnout and organizational performance and the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected. This means that the higher the job burnout of employees is, the lower would be the organizational performance.

The results showed that as stress increases, job burnout also increases and organizational performance decreases. The staff members of police stations face a great deal of stress and pressure in their workplace because they are responsible for maintaining community safety and security. As a result, they become overwhelmed with stress and finally job burnout. Also, considering that job burnout and its components (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, personal inadequacy) had a significant negative relationship with organizational performance, therefore, one of the factors affecting organizational performance is the staff members' job burnout.

Due to the high number of traffic accident fatalities (51% at the scene and 49% during hospital transfer) and traffic crime statistics, it is necessary to conduct this investigation. The purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize sociological factors affecting the lawlessness of motorcycle riders in Tehran.

In terms of its objectives, this study is of an applied research type and in terms of data collection procedure it is a descriptive-survey study. The analysis or sample unit consists of 90 law violators who have violated the rules in the geographical area of the city of Tehran and have thus been fined.

Based on the findings of the study, the factors are prioritized as follows: first, turmoil; second, discrimination; third, social welfare; fourth, individualism; fifth, childhood upbringing; sixth, law ignorance, seventh, family status, eighth, behavior violence, ninth, awareness of the law effect,  tenth, awareness of media influence.

Based on the results obtained by applying proper planning based on the approach that results from the existing problems, as well as considering the future conditions we can witness the improvement of the quality and quantity of motorcycles and reduce its problems. In addition, optimizing the status of motorcycles displacement would cause costs reduction in different dimensions whose major contribution is to improve the traffic density in the network of passages.

The examination of critical points in metropolises shows the unpleasant consequences of the formation of these points, traumatic areas or hotspots. The purpose of this study was to identify, classify and rank these consequences.

In terms of its objectives, this study is of an applied-developmental research type and in terms of data collection procedure it is a descriptive-survey study which has been conducted using quantitative approach with the next ten-year horizon in Tehran metropolis. A researcher-made questionnaire containing 31 items was distributed among the experts and 44 analyzable questionnaires were collected. The collected data were analyzed after validation and the consequences that were confirmed by the one-sample t-test at 95% confidence level were ranked using Friedman test.

Thirty-one extracted consequences were endorsed and ranked in four socio-cultural, physical, control and supervision, and economic dimensions. Friedman's chi-square test with 30 degrees of freedom at the significant level 0.001 was equal to 149/498.

The results of the ranking of the extracted consequences show that the most important consequences of the formation of critical points in the metropolis are: "the juxtaposition of professional and long-term offenders" followed by "opportunities for crime in the environment" and "the potential for creation of criminal hotspot in the region". This means that the convergence of crime commitment as the result of the juxtaposition of criminals increases with the formation of critical points and strengthens the ground for criminal hotspot in the critical points. Therefore, with a view on these consequences and monitoring different areas of the city, it is necessary for the police and urban management to monitor the formation grounds and to prevent the formation of critical points.

Particular attention to the correct and timely decision and the prompt execution of that decision on assigned missions have a special status and credibility that must be taken into account so that taking the management issues, particularly the principles and foundations of decision making, into considerations is of particular relevance. Therefore, Law enforcement should take appropriate measures along with law enforcement crime prevention by properly understanding, recognizing, and making decisions, and to timely implement their dimensions and indicators in society. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of decision-making dimensions on law enforcement crime prevention (Case study: the executive managers of the Second Chancellery of Metropolitan Tehran).

This study is of an applied research type that has been conducted using qualitative method. After collecting the primary information, the data were collected through documentary, library and field study using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of 42 professors and executives, including 30 professors of department of Law Enforcement Crime Prevention and 12 other Chancellor Chiefs of Tehran Metropolitan Police Command. The complete sampling method was employed due to the availability and limitations of participants.

According to the regression equation and standard coefficient, the data normality is retained. One-sample t-test with significance level of less than 0.05 and with 95% confidence showed that there was a positive significant relationship between the dimensions of decision making and law enforcement crime prevention. The findings show that the highest impact is related to the identification and recognition of the problem variable in law enforcement crime prevention.

The results show that the most influential aspects of decision making are related to the variables of problem identification, problem design, solution design, selection of solutions, and evaluation of solutions on police crime prevention decision making. That is, by upgrading one unit of the variables of the model to problem identification and recognition variable (0.248 units), designing solutions (0.220 units), selecting solutions (0.230 units) and evaluating solutions (0.210 units), respectively, they will have an impact on decision-making in law enforcement crime prevention.

Crime is a phenomenon as old as human history and an inevitable fact. The purpose of this study was to compare personality traits and cognitive components of emotion regulation among female offenders and typical females in Yasuj.

This study is of a descriptive-analytical type and in the field of post-incident research. The statistical population of all female offenders detained in Yasouj prison during the winter and autumn of 2017 who were arrested by the crimes of homicide, robbery, drug, carrying cold weapons, etc. The female participants were selected among the offenders and non-offenders using matching sampling method. The data were collected using NEO five-factor personality questionnaire and Garnowski's Emotional Cognitive Questionnaire and analyzed using one-way ANOVA and SPSS software.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups of typical females and female offenders in terms of neuroticism, responsibility and conscientiousness. But in terms of responsibility and conscientiousness, the mean scores of the female offender group were lower than those of the normal females. Other results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (self-blame, rumination, catastrophe, and blaming others) and mean score of female offender group was higher than normal female group and the mean score of female offender adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies is less than normal females.

The results of the study emphasize that females' personality traits such as high neuroticism, poor responsiveness and morality, and difficulty in understanding and regulating appropriate emotional reactions as acquired traits can be helpful in identifying and conceptualizing the cause of crime occurrence and planning for social damage prevention.

The proliferation of new media in recent decades, which has brought about a new culture for young people, has led to changes in culture and areas of adherence to values, institutions, lifestyles and the like. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the sociological factors affecting the tendency to ethical anomalies with emphasis on virtual social networks.

The method of this research is survey and the technique used is questionnaire. The statistical population of this research is all young people of Tehran city. 400 of them were selected as the sample size using Cochran formula.

The tendency to ethical anomalies is different in terms of socioeconomic status, gender, marital status, and level of education. Also, the results of multivariate regression showed that independent variables of research (membership in virtual social networks, amount of activity in virtual social networks, type of use of virtual social networks) explained 0.32 of the tendency to ethical anomalies of youth in Tehran.

The results showed that the tendency to ethical anomalies among the youths of Tehran city is increasingly moderate. Young people who subscribe to virtual social networks and who do not make proper use of this space are more prone to ethical anomalies.

Social security guarantees the collective life of human beings, the basis of which is social discipline. Social capital and security are two intertwined categories that make community living, development and social sustainability possible. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explain the sociological relationship between social capital and social security.

The method of conducting the research is a quantitative meta-analysis. The Cma2 software is used for this purpose. The statistical population of the study consisted of 40 studies, 29 samples of which were selected with the purpose of combination and identification of the effect size of the research; the selected studies were conducted through survey method in different statistical societies and based on reliable measures.

The results show that there was a significant relationship between the capital model (collective effectiveness, collective neglect, social assistance, social trust, social cohesion, social participation, social relations network), spatial model (residential instability, social belonging, physical disorder), normative model ( high risk behavior, social disorder, conformity with social norms), control model (social control, police social performance, socialization), psychological model (social awareness, job satisfaction, awareness of crime rates) and demographic model (age, class base, gender, and marital status) with social security . Overall, the above variables were able to explain 0.701 of the effect size of social security (Z=24.341, sig. = 0.000).

The results show that high social capital brings high social security. Social security interacts with the financial, physical, psychological and moral dimensions as well as the objective (protection against risk) and subjective (sense of safety) components of social capital. According to the research results, enhancing and promoting social trust, social participation and social cohesion are social capital mechanisms that pave the way for social security.