فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 61 (تابستان 1398)

The Caspian Sea region is of high importance regarding energy related geopolitics, energy transporting lines and security within regional and international relation. After the fragmentation of USSR and the increase of number of the Caspian coastal countries from two to five, the issue of determining a legal resolution for the Caspian Sea became more complicated. Thus, the regional and trans-regional countries benefits and maximize their power within the international system in the region among which the encounter between America and Iran is the most salient. In this paper it has been tried to explain this problem in the region employing the analytical – descriptive technique based on theoretical approaches of energy – related geopolitics. In this direction, findings indicate that the conflicting policy of the two countries, America's attempt to eliminate the geopolitical situation of Iran from transportation of energy in the region, the effectiveness of America on debates relative to determining a legal resolution on the Caspian region by resorting to military and security solution and threatening Iran's interests and national security are among the most important reasons for this encounter. Finally the Islamic Republic of Iran can obtain its main interests within the legal resolution for Caspian Sea and find its place as the connecting chain among producers and consumers of energy, by a correct understanding of its geopolitical capabilities within foreign policy and active and smart diplomacy. In fact, it is the best way to achieve the economic development, as well as to tie the international economy to its national security and to minimize the relative threats.

Prevailing Low level of materialization of urban plans in the country may not be denied. The issue may be studied from the two following perspective: formulating efficient strategies and proper implementation of strategies. Proper formulation of strategy is related to plan and appropriate implementation of strategy is related to management. Therefore, in process of urban planning and management, formulation steps of plans and extraction of strategies have to be redefined. On the other hand, streaming strategies has to be explained as the neglected dimension in process of urban planning. In the research, effort has been made for the reasons of failing urban plans in implementation phase to be studied. Data have been collected and interpreted through library study, analyzing documents and expert views. Finally, a model has been proposed with emphasis on futures studies in urban planning. In the model, effort has been made to consider factors effective on failure of plans; and, to respond to those cases recognized as obstacles of materialization of plans.

From the past to This Day have Happened Practical Transformations and Many Theoretical in political Geography and Geopolitics discourses. "Nation- State", Which is the Core of Political geography and Geopolitical studies; Affected As a Result of these Changes. Present Paper By Interpretation Method And the use of Library Data is Looking to Answer that Question that Transition from Modern Geopolitics to Postmodern, Have Been The Discourse of "Nation- State" What a Transformation and Nature Changes? Normally, in any era the discourse period is governed with its own specs. Characteristics such as: Integrity, Singularity, Objectivism, Determinism and Foundationalism has Caused Which in the Discourse of Modernity, that the Modern State is a State with Specific geographic, Political, Legal, and Social, Identity and Etc. However, as a Consequence of the Characteristics of Post Modernity (and Itself the Dominant Discourse), Like: Pluralism and Lack of Absolutism, Negation of Particular Narrative and Etc; the Government as a Complete Reference (Sovereignty, Security, Poverty and Etc.), In No Way is it Acceptable. In Short, the Purpose of This Research to Compare and Clarify the Dimensions: Social (the Dimension of Nation and Nationalism), Political (Government Dimension), Legal (Governance Later), State (Country) in the Transition From Modern to Postmodern. To be paid at the end of the Threat of a Post-Modern Government (Post Territory) Challenge in the Transfer.

A survey of the history and evidence of life in traditional Iranian neighborhood reveals a coherent, self-made physical and social structure and system that expresses the transcendent concepts of human dwelling. Neighborhoods today due to changing lifestyles and new urban developments, do not have the participation of locals and the self-made neighborhood system. Therefore, it is imperative to pay attention to the principles and teachings of the social life and transcendent concepts of traditional living to enhance the quality of life in today's city. The purpose of this study is to recognize the concept of dwelling in the neighborhoods of Tehran during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods and the research method is a combination of historical interpretation methods and data content analysis. This study first briefly defines the concept of neighborhood; then the factors of perception of neighborhood concept and characteristics and specifications of each factor and how to trace it from the content of the texts are presented. Finally, in the literature research, the recognition of the life and lived experiences of the dwellers of Tehran neighborhoods is discussed; this section is based on a number of social cultural writings from Tehran neighborhoods. The result is that the factors and criteria of perception of neighborhood concept demonstrate the social role and participation of citizens in different aspects of dwelling, including good affairs and social-political movements in neighborhoods. Neighborhoods that have been a place for the presentation and emergence of social and cultural values including dedication, charity, respect for elders, and the arrest of the deprived; whereas concepts of territory, hierarchy and privacy are defined and appearanced in neighborhood physics and perceptions of dwellers and they are relatively satisfied with the provision of many of the services in the neighborhood and the mental relaxation of social dwelling. As a result, dwellers have considered themselves part of the neighborhood and the emergence of place belongings to the neighborhood can be understood in various physical, behavioral, and semantic dimensions.

Environmental hazards are one of the main obstacles to the achievement of sustainable development, especially in human settlements (especially villages). Over the past decades, with the crisis management approach, the use of all management achievements, organization and pre-crisis planning to deal with hazards Natural and human is rational and necessary. In dealing with emerging crises, one of the main pillars of proper coping and prevention of the negative effects of these hazards is the inclusion of crisis management centers, which include all prevention, preparedness and response measures, including relief, temporary accommodation of the incident, in which It is possible to minimize the consequences of a possible crisis. Hence, the city of Ardabil, due to being located in an area of seismicity and its location in the border area of the country, has a high potential for the development of non-human hazards. Therefore, in this study, using a descriptive-analytical approach, using the Hierarchical Analytic Model (AHP) (13 criteria), the area of Ardabil city was zoned in order to locate Rural Crisis Management Centers and using the TOPSIS (8 criteria) model Prioritization of Rural Crisis Management Centers was conducted within the study area. The results of the research show that 13.3% of the land in Ardebil has the highest ability to establish crisis management centers. With respect to the specified areas, 7 locations for the establishment of crisis management centers were identified and the TOPSIS model was used to prioritize these centers and the results showed that the base number 2 has the highest capability and the base number 1 Featuring the lowest capacity for deployment of crisis management center

Dust is one of the common phenomena in arid and semi-arid regions and can have significant effects on the climatic conditions of an area. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the dusts in Kohkiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces. In this regard, codes 6, 7, 8, 9, 31, 32 and 35 of dusts were investigated at Yasouj, Dugonbadan, Thay, Dehdasht, Likak and Imamzadeh Jafar stations on daily, monthly and annual basis. At first, the frequency of daily, monthly and yearly codes was checked at all stations and their daily calendar was prepared. Then the zoning maps from all of the codes were mapped in the months of the year and finally, the number of days with dust was investigated at Yasouj and Dogonbodan stations. The results showed that Dogonbadan Station with the frequency of 2381 had the highest dust incidence during the statistical period. The review of codes indicates that the two codes 6 and 7 were the most frequent at all stations. Code 6 at Dogonbadan, Likak, Imamzadeh Jafar and Thirud stations in 2012 was at Yasouj Station in 2009 and at Dehdasht station in 2008, with the highest frequency. Code 7 was also reported at Dogonbadan Station in 1992 and at Yasouj Station in 1371. The process of dusts at Yasouj and Dogonbadan stations also indicate that both cold-run stations in the year have had a drought-reducing process and the warm months have not been trendy. Both stations showed an increasing trend on an annual basis

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effective indicators for creating interactive spaces with an emphasis on the creative city. In this regard, according to the research topic, the scrolling method has been used. Regarding the level of study, two descriptive and explanatory levels (descriptive-analytical) were used. Also, for statistical analysis, statistical software such as SPSS and Super Decision software have been used. At the descriptive level, one-dimensional tables, percentages and abundance have been used. Also, at the inferential level, T-test was used to test the hypotheses, along with two independent samples, Pearson's path analysis. The ANP model is used to rank the factors influencing the realization of the creative city. Finally, the results of the research showed that social capital is a good predictor of explaining the level of the creative city in Ray. The creative city can meet the needs and aspirations of urban communities on a variety of dimensions. The needs of each city are influenced by the growth of the city. Urban space is realized when a person or people want to use it or be involved in this process. This process, on the one hand, contributes to the dynamism of the environment and, on the other hand, to the emergence of the creative class. Impact factors (human capital, innovation, social capital and quality of life) can be effective indicators of creativity and planning. In this research, it has been dealt with in general.

The urban land management is a quintessential part of the urban management. In some countries such as Iran, there is no integrated urban land management and providing municipal services is assigned to nationwide organisations. This means urban management is offered by the municipality or subsidiaries of the aforementioned organisations. The rapid growth of urbanisation, migration to cities particularly to megacities, and the limited amount of land available for residential housing caused an increase in the demand for residential lands which resulted in its unavailability. In many countries, governments and their administrators attempt to enable various sections of the society, especially, deprived people to have access to the land market through setting policies. Although various countries face similar issues in providing housing and land to the people, there are some subtle differences. These differences are rooted in legislative, historical, political, economic, social, cultural matters and their natural boundariesInvestigating the relationship between decision making model of urban land policies and physical development of Sari city and the relationship between physical development model of Sari city and national politics and role of actors in urban land. To do so, it follows an applied analytical descriptive approach. To analyse the data, mathematical and statistical methods were applied using Excel and SPSS. Moreover, the GIS was used for visualisation and adaptive analysis. The study concluded that lack of clear visions and consequently uncoordinated organisations and their policies, isolated and vertical decision-making, and unmanaged intervention without the required organisational capacities are the critical reasons for inefficient urban land management.

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Planners and development policymakers mention tourism as the main pillar of development in different countries. Today, tourism can create employment, increase income and ultimately prosperity and improve the livelihoods of the people. This research, which aims to determine the strategic position of the tourism industry in Takab, is an applied research and Delphi descriptive research method. The model used in the research is a comprehensive strategic management model based on SWOT technique. Research data was collected using the Delphi technique from 16 experts, officials and administrators of the tourism area of Takab city and analyzed. In the results section, while outlining the vision, mission and objectives of the proposed development, the results of the evaluation of internal and external factors have also been presented. This result suggests that the tourism industry of this city is in a defensive position and requires special attention of the authorities.

The movement during the years 1991 before soviet union that land the independence central Asian republic (CIS) it is very important for the Islamic republic of Iran because of we close more to these countries in geopolitical section . the argument of Caspian sea regime and the effect of this sea about the people that live in literal state (five state).it is necessary that the five countries to cooperate with each other . Islamic republic of Iran in geo-economics , geo-culture and other factors as exporting petrol and gas of the central Asia through Iran to the European countries this kind of cooperating cause that to prevent from the influence America and Western countries and also for preventing drug traffickers and delivering criminal persons in the both side of the borders . And also respecting to the national value , and traveling responsible person in being level to countries and also imperilment the political reaper sensitive and special attention to import and export goods for preparing our national benefit .and also it is very necessary for us to take very strong steps a lout short time and long time strategic for improve our national benefit , the Turkmenistan is just like a window for in trance to the central Asian countries to the free world and the warm water . finally the importance of these factors are very important for both side in the region and the world and the being success needs the effort for all this countries.

Dehyary as a public institution or non-governmental, independent legal entity at the request of Rural and license the country Ministry in each village is formed. And aims to improve the development of social, economic, political, cultural and physical environments is. One of the functions of Dehyari, cooperation with the Housing Foundation in the preparation, adoption and implementation of the rural Hadi plan. This article with descriptive-analytic method to analyze the performance of Dehyar on how to preparation and implementation of Hadi plan and supervising the construction after the implementation of Hadi plan focused . The Statistical population, Using Morgan table, 373subjects were selected. For data analysis from goodness of fit test, regression analysis, and factor analysis with SPSS was used. according to goodness of fit of the model, Dehyari performance in plan Hadi is'n desirable. According to Poisson, performance Dehyari the growing and developing. In Regression analysis of correlation between Dehyari performance in development and promotion of Hadi Plan, is0.429, the factor analysis, indicator "Dehyar performance in monitoring the construction implementation after Hadi Plan" with amount(0.25) in explaining the Dehyar performance to advance the objectives of rural Hadi plan. In results, Dehyari's in Hadi plan goals have been moderate performance and acceptable. For improve the performance of Dhyari, Dhyari's established independent, local employment and educated Dehyar, effective collaborationof institutions with Dehyar, and training Dhyari's, seems essential.

The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the quality of the Housem neighborhood in Rudsar based on the components of the sustainable city. The first step of the method, after studying of theoretical foundations and research literature, indicators and indicators that affect the utility of urban pedestrians have been identified. In the second stage, using these questionnaires and analytical hierarchy process, these indicators are weighted and prioritized. In the third stage, using field studies and completing a questionnaire from residents of Housem neighborhood, the status of the neighborhood is assessed in terms of the desired indicators (in the form of a questionnaire and Likert scale). The results of the evaluations carried out on the significance of the four dimensions of the study in the research showed that the social dimension with relative weight of 0/399 is more important than the other dimensions in the level of urban neighborhoods. The results of the research on the status of the neighborhood in terms of four social, physical, environmental and economic criteria indicate that the social standard with an average of 2/578 and a relative score of 0/263 are in the first place. But according to the Likert spectrum, the level of neighborhood sustainability is moderately low based on this indicator, which is the highest ranked indicator than the other indicators. It shows that the level of sustainability of the neighborhood is at a weak and very weak level.