نشریه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر
پیاپی 27 (تابستان 1398)

The per capita energy consumption in Iran is higher than that of many of the countries. In between, the government’s policies have become aligned with getting the energy cost closer to the reality and this has increasingly drawn the attentions to the efficient energy solutions in the building sector. One of the effective solutions in reducing the energy consumption is the climate-based designing of the buildings in general and the determination of the optimal orientation of the building in specific. This way, the first and the most important duty of an architect is aligning the building to a direction that receives the highest and the lowest amounts of sunlight during winter and summer, respectively. Besides influencing the reduction in the thermal need of the building, the enjoyment of the sunlight optimizes the quality of the interior environment thereby causing more healthiness and productivity of the residents and the resultant creation of abundant economic interests for the country. Considering the intensity of the sun’s irradiation on the orthogonal surfaces in various geographical directions as well as the various hours and seasons, Olgyay obtained the most appropriate directions for four climatic regions in the US and it can be also applied for the other regions with the identical conditions and latitudes, including Iran. The present study aimed at the investigation of the authenticity and accuracy of the optimal orientation defined for the buildings in the cold climate of Iran (Kermanshah). Since the simulation knowledge enables the study of the complex behavior of the building according to climate and assists the designers in adopting proper climate-based method, Design Builder was the software chosen in the present study for the determination of the building’s optimal orientation. To do so, a type of administrative building repeatedly constructed in this city was simulated in the aforesaid software with features close to reality and the initial energy required by the building was subsequently computed in various directions. The results obtained from the present study indicated that western-eastern stretch was the best orientation for the administrative buildings in Kermanshah considering the energy consumption rate.

In the course of Islam’s history and, especially, Seljuks Era, Iran has always been one of the primary loci of Islamic Art. On the other hand, ottomans have taken long leaps in the area of architecture through being inspired by Iranian and Byzantine Art. Due to Iran and ottoman adjacency as well as their cultural exchanges and the common governmental aspects, the art and architecture of these two territories have borrowed ideas from one another and share similarities. The goal of the present article is the comparative investigation of the architectural indices and elements of the memorial and mortuary buildings constructed during Seleucid Era in Rome and inspired by the mortuary and mosque buildings of Iran. The study theoretical framework is laid on the foundation of the perspective that the past architectural spaces are influenced by the cultural phenomena and the cultural exchanges have played roles in their formation. The present study’s research methodology is historical-interpretive and it deals with the investigation, exploration and comparison of the volumetric combination of the buildings, types of decorations and tile works’ images and paintings in the mortuary buildings of Seleucid Era’s Rome and the Seleucid Era’s Iranian edifices so as to reveal the effect of culture and cultural exchange in architecture. The present study’s findings underline the issue that the art and architecture of Seleucid Era’s Rome have been influenced by Damascus Art before the presence of the Iranians; however, it was with the arrival of the Iranian artists that parts of the architecture were constructed by Iranian images and decorations. The interaction between Iranians and rulers of Seleucid Era’s Rome and the auspicious conditions provided by them caused the Iranians to promote culture, rites and traditions and distinct signs of science, art and knowledge that were prevalent in the then Iran upon their entry into Rome.

Architecture of every territory and every culture features its own specific properties that per se define the architectural identity of a land. In Iran’s historical cities, many preparatory works are applied for creating comfort and elevating the environment quality and the study of the physical context and properties in these areas enables offering of a proper definition of them. The high temperature and intensive irradiation in the hot regions have caused the accompaniment of the physical conditions with many solutions for creating shades parallel to the supply of comfort. These solutions have been beautifully blended with the aesthetical aspects of the buildings and this same coordination has led to the creation of innovative works. In the present study, efforts have been made through concentrating on the physical and contextual environment of the historical texture in the city of Dezful to identify the irradiation control method and various factors for creating shade in the building level and in the interior spaces, on the one hand, and urban environment, on the other. To perform this study, a descriptive method was employed to select the study samples from amongst the traditional houses and historical texture areas with the lowest changes in their contextual forms following which their shading components were identified and integrated into a model. Based thereupon, considering the studies performed in this regard, a 3D model was created for better understanding of these elements according to the spatial details and shading factors in Sahrabedar Maghrebi Neighborhood and Suzangar Historical Houses area and each of these components were described in two groups of architectural shaders and urban shaders. In general, the shading components of the area’s architecture can be defined in three-element sets, namely skylight, skylight- shader elements and shading elements. The proper recognition of these components and paying attention to their performance can lead to the understanding of the generalizable patterns regarding the control of the environmental conditions, on the one hand, and the spatial details for enhancing the aesthetical qualities of today’s residential spaces, on the other.

The architectural designing of the schools and their constituent elements alongside with the other educational factors has a considerable effect on the students. The present study has been conducted for the purpose of elucidating the relationship between and the role of the educational sector’s environmental factors in facilitation of the children’s learning in the primary school grades based on two qualitative and quantitative approaches. The first part is a literature review using a qualitative approach and a descriptive method and the second part uses a quantitative approach based on correlation method. The study samples have been selected from amongst the primary schools in Hamadan and in regard of the idea that it was necessary to choose the schools for controlling the interfering variables to the maximum possible extent. After performing the required investigations, two samples of the educational environments, i.e. Shahid Beheshti girl primary school and Allameh Tabataba’ei primary school, were selected for possession of the inclusion criteria. The independent variable was the environmental factors constructing the educational sector and the dependent variable was the students’ academic achievement. The required data related to the independent variable was prepared and collected through preparation of a list of observations and investigation of the standard level of the factors constructing the educational environment that were rated based on Likert’s five-point scale; the students’ academic achievement was determined based on the investigation of the students’ average final scores in the end of the term. The obtained data was analyzed through SPSS software and it was found out in correlation test that there are significant and positive relationships between six of the environmental factors constructing the educational spaces, i.e. quality of light, acoustic comfort, educational equipment, newness of the classrooms, diversity in form and flexible furniture with the children’s academic achievement. The collection of these factors at one another’s side set the ground for the conditions under which the student can more comfortably concentrate on the lesson materials. On the other hand, these are expected to provide better conditions for the teachers for better transferring of the lesson materials to the students thereby to facilitate the students’ learning.

The relationship between manmade environment and spaces’ users is a mutual one in such a way that the same way that the environmental situations and conditions influence the building, the building’s conditions and properties, as well, intensively influence the space users. The improvement of the residential spaces inter alia the various kinds of artificial environments that have to support the physical and psychological health of the residents is of a great importance because the family members’ presence in this space can considerably contribute to the betterment of their physical and psychological health. The effects of the daylight as one of the primary indicators of the residential buildings on the humans’ life and liveliness can be assessed within the format of two subsystems, namely perceptional psychology and psychological biology. This is while the common lighting strategies are concentrated on the energy output and/or supply of the required light for performing the tasks and/or they have been devised in laboratory explorations and under artificial sky and with no presence of the human beings. Thus, the present study has been conducted with the objective of elaborating the relationship between daylight and psychological health and happiness of the inhabitants of the residential compounds and increasing of the individual happiness so as to figure out the quality of the relationship between the daylight and happiness of the inhabitants of the residential compounds in the city of Isfahan. The study has been carried out based on a causal-comparative plan and makes use of a survey method to describe the correlation between the variables through taking advantage of a cross-sectional method during the years from 2013 to 2014 in low-rise buildings (3-7 storeys) in Isfahan. To determine the happiness status, use has been made of Oxford and Fordyce’s happiness assessment instrument.  Then, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS via taking advantage of the descriptive statistics. The data analyses indicated that there is a significant difference between the happiness levels of the inhabitants of the residential complexes and the amount of light entering each unit meaning that the higher the light entering the residential units, the more the inhabitants are happy. It seems that the optimal and purposive designing of the daylight in the residence space somehow influences the improvement of the inhabitants’ psychological health and happiness.

The meaning of place is one of the important concepts that has recently received much attention in the fields of architecture and urban planning. The purpose of this study was to provide a new interpretation of different levels regarding the meaning of place based on the role of time factor. Our case study was the Sofeh Mountain Park located in Isfahan. It is an urban public place where different people can attend with a variety of motivations. This study classified different meanings formed in the minds of the park visitors, based on three indexes including “frequency of visits”, “duration of presence”, and “motivation of individuals”. The statistical population of the study included 150 people from different social strata visiting this park. Data were collected through a questionnaire with open- and close-ended questions. Data were analyzed qualitatively and all questionnaires and case interviews were coded separately using content analysis method, and thereby different levels of meaning were extracted based on each visitor’s view.  Results indicated that the time or duration of the person’s familiarity with the place was an important factor in the formation of different semantic levels in relation to the place. In the first encounter with the place, therefore, one only perceives the physical and skeletal aspects of the environment. With increasing times of visits and presence in the place, one becomes more interested in the place. At such a level, people interpret the place according to their own feelings, interests, and memories. The third and deepest level of meaning in individuals is a sense of place identity, which is achieved by increasing the length of time of people`s presence in the place. At such a level, the motivation for people to attend the place goes beyond the beauty and their individual feelings and interests, and their perception of the place becomes a transpersonal recognition on an urban scale.

One of the important issues in the architectural designing of the residential buildings is the contextual pattern of such constructions for which two introversive and extroversive patterns can be pointed out in this regard in a general classification. Despite the continuation of the introversive patterns in the traditional Iranian architecture, the application of the extroversive patterns has become completely customary in the contemporary Iranian houses due to various cultural, social, economic and other considerations and the use of introversive patterns has become completely limited during the recent decades in the architectural designing of the residential buildings. Based on the Quranic literature, the present study, investigated the superiority of the introversive patterns over the extroversive ones in the residential buildings. The theoretical foundation of the current research paper was laid on ĀYA 80 of SŪRAH NAHL that explicitly points to “Sakan” [tranquility] at home. Two other trans-temporal and similar subjects connected with appeasement at homes, namely “night” and “spouse”, were discovered in the Holy Quran in a search for the keyword “Sakan” in the other ĀYĀT of the Holy Quran. In the present study, the common aspect of the three foresaid words in regard of appeasement was decrypted through comparing and matching the ĀYĀT related to this trio (house, night and spouse) based on a qualitative content analysis method. According to the analyses, except appeasement, the only commonality that has been explicitly pinpointed in the Holy Quran’s literature for the two titles “night: Lail” and “spouse: husband or wife” was their covering characteristic that has been reminded in the Holy Quran through the use of the word “Lebās: cover”. In the end, the superiority of the application of the introversive patterns in the residential buildings was inferred based on the aforesaid common feature through the use of logical deduction method.

Yazd is one of the country’s regions with the arid and hot climate in which the solar irradiation plays an important role in the formation of its residential architecture. The present article uses a historical-comparative method to investigate the interaction between the principles of residential architecture’s principles governing the houses during Muzaffarids and Qajar Eras with the solar energy from the perspective of orientation. The questions raised herein are: 1. have the houses been formed based on the interaction with solar energy during Muzaffarids and Qajar Eras? 2. In which period of time and for what reasons the residential architecture shows a better interaction with the solar energy? 3. Is the better interaction with climate associated with the proportions between the central yard and the walls and how the aforementioned proportions cause such an interaction? To do this research, 3D models were constructed for Karimi House (Muzaffarids) and Shokuhi House (Qajar) in the environment of ECOTECT Software and the climatic data of Yazd were utilized in simulation operation. Then, the models were analyzed based on a corresponding solar protractor and the behavioral trends of the houses; they were subsequently expanded to the longest and shortest days of the year. The results indicate that the proper orientation has caused the apportionment of solar energy during the entire year between all the four fronts. The summerside parts have favorable shades during the hot months of the year and the winterside parts provide part of the thermal energy through receiving a good deal of light during the cold months of the year; but, this front was found having a better performance in Shokuhi house because the development in the dimensions of the yard causes an increase in the area of this wall enabling it to receive more energy. Moreover, the yard in Shokuhi House has a better performance during the cold months. The increase in the yard’s vastness gives the possibility of creating microclimate in the interior spaces of the house and this is accompanied by pleasant comfort. Thus, it can be stated that the residential architecture of both periods has been created subject to the interaction with the solar energy but Shokuhi House has better interaction with the climate in Yazd and this is closely associated with the present proportions in the building.

The presence and social interaction of people in the public spaces of architecture and urbanism lead to the spaces’ sociability. In the present research, the subject of discussion was the sociability of public spaces. The quality of sociability is the inseparable feature of the urban public spaces but, it has been faded or lost in some urban public spaces. The present study sought to answer this question: how and with what parts, the measurement of the environment sociability is performed with focus on the two human and environmental approaches? To do this, Oudlajan neighborhood of Tehran was selected and investigated as the case study. Possible platforms of social interactions’ formation were investigated in this area (from two environment-based and human-based aspects). In this research, proper literature, theoretical foundations, the studied indexes, and research method were collected and classified using first hand resources. The present methodology included two cognitive and spatial sections. In the cognitive section, using available documents and maps, the area map was prepared. After field visits and interviewing with the local and nonlocal residents, cognitive findings were collected and cognitive maps were produced. The spatial configuration of the neighborhood was evaluated through quantitative parameters of the space syntax method. Finally, comparing qualitative and quantitative data, sociability of the Oudlajan neighborhood was analyzed. Findings of the research showed that it has been useful to consider the space syntax computer modelling as a principal in the evaluation of social concepts, althought it was not enough. In order for somatic activities to improve social status of the urban tissues, it is required to use complementary methods such as cognitive maps.

The historical core of the cities are recognized as the cultural and social heritage of every society but the depreciation and destruction resulting from the passage of time and the gradual elimination and/or change of performance in some of the buildings in the historical context posit the need for intra-contextual development and designing of the infill buildings. If carried out in an unbalanced manner, without paying attention to the backgrounds and in a hasty pace, these developments would lead to inconsistency and disorder in the old texture. Steven Semes, a university professor and architecture and designer of the various conservational and building projects in the US, introduces four prominent solutions for the designer upon confrontation with the historical backgrounds. They are literal replication of the context, invention within style, abstract reference and intentional opposition to the background. The present study aimed at the investigation of the preferential strategy of the urban engineering and restoration experts for designing infill buildings in historical context based on the four solutions posited by Semes. The recognition of the experts’ preferential perspectives and comparison of them with the citizens’ perspectives and discovery of the similarities and differences between the perspectives of these two groups can guide the experts in the designing of the future infills. Use has been made herein of survey research method that is implemented in two stages. Moreover, the information has been collected based on two methods, namely documentary research and field observation (questionnaire). The study population of the present study was comprised of 120 experts from the three abovementioned fields of study. The obtained results were indicative of the idea that the architects chose intentional opposition to the context and the urban engineers and restoration specialists selected the literal replication of the context as their preferential strategy for the designing of the infill buildings in the historical context. Furthermore, the most important feature of the designing, as viewed by the architectural experts, was the creation of innovation and complexity in the context; urban engineering and restoration specialists found pleasantness in context as the most significant designing property.

During the recent years, despite the suffusion of the globalization discussions and expansion of the relationships in the virtual world, the place and sense of place are still in the focal point of the attention in many of the theoretical and empirical studies. The importance of integrating the objective and subjective approaches into these concepts underlines the balance and equilibrium in concomitantly dealing with the physical properties of the places and the social and cultural values of the society. In this regard, narrating the society’s stories, including memories, beliefs, values and myths in the urban space, would be effective in the strengthening of the bond with them. This is while the majority of the prior stories and events are neglected in dealing with urban spaces and places. Thus, it is necessary to deal with the society’s narrations in the text of urban space as the factor connecting the individuals to their living environments. The present article investigates the role of the society’s stories and their narrations in respect to the fortification of the sense of place. The main question is that how the sense of place can be reinforced and continued by the assistance of the narrations and readings of the society’s stories in the urban spaces? To do so, use has been made of a descriptive-analytical method to firstly review the texts and theories related to this issue and explore the experts’ concepts and notions; then, the primary concepts’ interrelationships are explicated and analyzed. Based on the positive and corroborating effect of the narrations of the place stories on the sense of place and within the format of the layered semiotic approach, the urban space will be introduced as a text and its stories are consequently considered as the textual layers. In order to preserve the coherence of the place’s text in whole, the role and value of the various layers of the place’s text- activities, form and imaginations- should be aligned with and strengthening the value and role of the textual layer of the place’s stories. To display the stories, it has to be specified within a context that which stories are of greater importance to society. Then, the physical and non-physical methods and elements showcasing them should be determined.

The valuable old textures in Rasht, including the old Sagharisazan Neighborhood, are considered as the ground for the occurrence of events and reminder of the individual and collective memories of the citizens that play an important role in kinship and rendering the urban environment`s meaningfulness. The playing of the intended role entails the existence of identifiable codes in the old textures that have undergone depreciations in the course of time. The current research paper investigated the collective memories of the residents in the revitalization of the valuable and old Sagharisazan’s houses and buildings. After dealing with the existent theories in the area of the collective memory and performing a case study with an analytical approach, the hypothesis was tested. The present study’s question pivoted about the idea that is it possible to benefit from the citizens’ collective memories for the revitalization of the architecturally valuable old houses and textures or not? Moreover, the present study’s focal point has been drawn on the assumption that the continuation and preservation of the overall identity of Sagharisazan’s texture seems to be dependent on the citizens’ collective memory and sense of attachment in the intended texture. The goal of the present study was finding practical suggestions for increasing quality in the valuable old textures and, since the qualitative elaboration of the environmental factors and axes aimed at the achievement of executive suggestions, the present study’s research method was consequentially descriptive-analytical and the information has been gathered through searches in the library resources. To investigate the study sample volume’s vernacular houses and buildings, a questionnaire was prepared and arranged for assessing the indices that was administered to 47 residents in this old texture and the acquired information was analyzed using SPSS1. The results indicated that the old texture has been abandoned and many of the memories of this neighborhood have lost their color due to the urban management’s paying attention to new constructions. The role of collective memory in the revitalization of the valuable old textures can be actualized through citizens’ participation and acquiring of their cognitive amps in respect to place, preservation of the rites and rituals and holding of memorable ritual exhibitions in religious places and conservation of the valuable and old vernacular elements and applying them in the new constructions demanded by the modern statuses of the citizens.

Nowadays, majority of the cities’ entrances have become uniform and cliché spaces in lieu of manifesting the identity properties and showcasing the cultural ID. The degree of uniformity is so extreme that they are not even understandable. Therefore, it is necessary to seek creating of the required preparations for understanding of such an identity alongside with creation and enhancement of the identity in the cities’ entrances. In other words, manifestation of identity in a tangible and perceivable manner for the onlookers is of great importance in the entire urban spaces, especially cities’ entrances as the first space of the individuals’ familiarization with the city. The objective in offering the present study is investigation of the role of perception and the factors influencing it on the ever increasing conception of the landscape drawn on a special identity in a neighborhood and this has been specifically conducted on the western entrance in Gorgan. To do so, this qualitative research deals within the format of an applied research based on a descriptive-analytical method with the exploration of the aforesaid subject and offers in the course of its examinations a matrix table for exploring the relationship between the indicators influencing the environmental comprehension of the cities’ entrances with various species of the cultural landscape. The main method of data collection has been documentary research, library search and field survey. The results obtained from the present study indicate that paying attention to various factors like age and gender groups, the observers’ mobility or staticity, being pedestrians or passengers, being citizens or travelers and others in the designing of the spaces influences the increase in the individuals’ perception of the well-identified spaces featuring cultural landscapes. On the other hand, the application of various human and manmade factors and natural elements is effective on the creation of a perceivable cultural landscape. In organizing the entrance in Gorgan, as a northern city with unique climate and special natural environment, paying special attention to the natural factors, as the most distinct factors of creating cultural landscape, is of great importance. Engaging the various age, gender groups, etc. as well as the proportional designing based on their perceptional properties in such activities like creation of rosaries, urban farming and agrotourism and so forth can enable the achievement of a perceivable cultural landscape.

Nowadays, planning is no more is considered as a scientific and technical profession or a governmental and state duty rather it is envisioned as a bridge connecting the planners to the institutional changes. In other words, the planning theory is not formed within social, economic and/or political considerations rather it is configured by the individuals in social situations with the objective of elaborating the current status and prescribing of more appropriate procedures and processes. The present study has been conducted with the objective of introducing the elaborative and prescriptive power of the structural-strategic programs on the institutionalism grounds for the enhancement of the capacity of their application in Iran’s urban planning system. To do so, grounded theory has been utilized as the study strategy. The data collection instruments of the present study are documentary and library research, interviews with the experts, managers and specialists and participatory observation in the study environment; the instruments are composed of two micro- and macro-levels. In the latter level, Iran’s urban planning system’s conditions and indicators are taken into account with a pervasive comprehensiveness; in the former level, the sample evaluation is carried out with the objective of investigating the local scales of urban planning and management in the development and civil planning of the city of Mashhad. Following these analyses, 159 concepts and 44 topics and 9 meta-topics were identified in relation to Iran’s urban planning system and structural-strategic planning under six titles using a coding method. Amongst the identified topics, institutionalism was selected in the structural-strategic plans as the pivotal issue and the paradigmatic model was delineated with an emphasis on the causal, background and intervening conditions and strategies and outcomes. Based on this analytical model, the structural-strategic planning provides the prerequisites for the development of the scales and various levels as the discourse framework and in respect to the social mobilization.