مجله جغرافیا و توسعه
پیاپی 56 (پاییز 1398)

The Anar city is one of the main Pistachio producer in Kerman province and the whole of Iran. In recent years, the level of cultivation of pistachio gardens has increased in this area without any plans, As a result, it has caused a lot of damage to water resources. And then many gardens will be destroyed. In this research, attempts have been made to monitor the trend of pistachio crop cultivation in this area over a 40-year period. For this purpose, Landsat satellite images of 6 different periods between 1354 and 1396 were used. So, by applying the vegetation index (NDVI) on the images and using the Decision tree classification methodology, vegetation maps of the region, which include two classes of agricultural land, namely pistachio gardens and natural lands or rangelands, were prepared. Then, the rate of change during different periods was determined using the comparison method after classification. The results showed that vegetation changes over 40 years have been high for the studied area, so that the highest growth rate of pistachio gardens occurred during the years 1366 to 1375. And has only reached 15548,8 hectares over the course of 9 years from 7058.25 hectares. Also, during the years 1380 to 1389, the greatest reduction and destruction of pistachio gardens occurred at 2902.05 hectares. The evidence suggests that the process of reducing and destroying pistachio gardens is continuing intensively due to the unplanned withdrawal of groundwater resources in the central and southern parts of the Anar plain.

Climate change has imposed significant challenges on agriculture sector. This study aimed at identify factors affecting wheat growers' adaptation behavior in face with climate change in Kermanshah County. Study population was all wheat growers' of Kermanshah County (N=30000). Statistical sample was 380 Wheat growers' that determined by Krejcie and Morgan table and a Multi-Stage Cluster Sampling was used to collect data from grower using questionnaire. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by expert. The reliability of the main scales of the questionnaires' was examined by Cronbach Alpha coefficients, which ranged from 0.54 to 0.89, indicating the tool of study is reliable. The results also showed that the variables of profit-orientation, concern, self-efficacy, risk perception, belief and knowledge has direct and indirect effects on the variable positive farm production practices. Collectively, these variables are capable, 38 percent of the variability adap farm production practices. Also the variables of concern, belief and knowledge has direct and indirect effects on the variable positive farm financial management. Collectively, these variables are capable, 22 percent of the variability adap farm financial management. Finally, the variables of concern, self-efficacy, belief and knowledge has direct and indirect effects on the variable positive government programs and insurance. Collectively, these variables are capable, 25 percent of the variability government programs and insurance.

Most of the cities in the world are facing with numerous problems due to their fast growing. While it is well-known that increased population is the primary reason for increasing the cities in size, the unreasonable dispersion affects the natural and cultural settings adversely. The present study has descriptive-analytical method and expansion – applied nature. Urban smart growth was investigated and prioritized in the region three of Tabriz metropolitan on the base of geographic information system, so this study has used quantitative and statistical methods such as multiple regression, structural equations and fuzzy multivariate analysis. Data were collected by using documentary studies and field surveys at household level, and according to Cochran formula the sample size was estimated to be 373 households. A total of 26 smart growth indicators were evaluated and categorized in three social, environmental and physical Latent indicators category. The results of the research indicated that all parts of the region of Tabriz metropolitan area have not the same smart growth, among the indicators of the smart growth, with respect to the degree of importance, it can be said that the social index with 66%, the environmental index with 13. 1%, and finally the physical index with the value of 20.8 percent, has explained the smart growth of the whole study region. These results indicate the importance of the social dimension in relation to other dimensions of resilience. Finally, strengthening the influencing indicators based on their priorities was emphasized by offering a number of recommendations.

The use of their development indicators and their combination will help planning authorities to better understand the status of the regions and help them to make decisions in order to further their regional balance and social justice. In between regions. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to determine and assess the levels of enjoyment of Kermanshah province in development indicators using integration techniques. For this purpose, 14 cities were evaluated in terms of developmental combinatorial indicators in 40 measurable indexes. To analyze the data, the entropy model and multi-criteria decision-making techniques were used for viticulture, topsis, saw and finally, the Kaplend model was used. The cities of Kermanshah province were divided into four levels (developed, relatively developed, In development and deprived of development). The results of the research indicate that 14.29 developed cities (Shirin and Paveh), 35.71% of the relatively developed city (Sanghar, Dalaho, Gilan-Gharb, Sahneh and Kangavar), 35.15% of the developed area (Islamabad, West , Harsin, Thallib, Babaajani, Ravansar and Sarpol Zahab) and 14.29 (city and city of Kermanshah) are deprived of development. This indicates the difference between the counties in terms of development indicators, so that the distribution of development indicators is not much with the size of the population of the counties.

This research try to Identify Drivers, uncertainties and sustainability livelihood strategies of Rangemanagment. For this purpose we used Deep interview by experts. In this research, purposeful sampling and snowball, which is specific to qualitative research, was used to select the samples. Then we have identified mego Drivers or macro trends and grouping in 5 categories based on STEEP approach. Finally we extracted every drivers that affects on uncertainties as effective drivers. Results showed, that uncertaintiesm are find in all categories and planning must be note to thise issue. The most clusters of uncertain was in fields of supportive services, range plans management, range production extent and vegetation cover, and water resourses. In field of drivers, managenal factors are the most effective drivers on sustainability of rural livelihood. Finally strategies were determind based on elits opionos along Delphi process. Among strategy that their effective weight are moer 80 % core have selected and identified as core scenarios. The results of this study showed that in the planning of sustainable livelihood for villagers and nomads in order to rangemanagment the most important components are the legislative and management, economics of natural resources and the extent production of pastures. Besides these cases, the social, cultural and human components and infrastructure of range beneficieries sustainability the plans construct on the dynamic and integrated scenarios, in addition, creation of core strategies in fields of Social, Economical, Technical, Environmental, Political and Legislative also implementing strategies with considering of basic requirements would be important for sustainability.

AbstractRelate temperature change Problems, soil salinity and the sharp drop I groundwater levels on the one hand and the recent drought combined with the problems have let to the reduction of consumption in the agricultural sector due to the reduction of the crop production and the adaptation to alternative climates get current products. Recent study conducted for determining suitable zone for saffron in North Khorasan with GIS and model AHP. Parameters like climate data, soil and water for 30 years collected from synoptic and climatologic station around province and from four neighbor provinces. Then parameters weighted upon AHP in parameter importance each region. Data transferred to Expert choice and clustered, rated, integrated for producing the last layer. Results showed that 47.1 % of province land was suitable and moderate suitable for culturing saffron. But 35.99% showed critical suitability and the remined was not suitable for Saffron culture. Jajarm, Garmeh, Safia Bada, Esfarayen, Shirvan and Faroj plains are suitable places and Mane, Samalghan, Raz, Jargalan and Bojnourd plains are in critical suitability for Saffron culture.Keywords: drought, suitability, expert choice, land characteristics.

Tourism is one of the most dynamic economic activities in the present era, which plays an important role in the local sustainable development, and its development priority requires the recognition of affecting and limiting factors of natural, economic, social and cultural each region. Moreover, these areas areas reveal a special importance for tourists due to having a set of natural and historical attractions. Accordingly, the main objective of the present study is the selection and prioritization of tourism areas among the three areas "Banddareh-e-Birjand, Baghestan Abgarm Ferdows and Ghaen tourism area" in South Khorasan province by using the ANP method. Therefore, to obtain the appropriate results in the tourism areas prioritization in South Khorasan province a high level of ANP structure including subnet benefit, opportunity, cost and risk was used. The results of the ANP analysis demonstrated that Baghestan Abgarm Ferdows, Banddareh-e-Birjand and the Ghaen tourism area with having 0.59, 0.28, and 0.29 weights placed in the first to third priority, respectively. Among the subnets, the benefit subnet with a weight of 0.33 possesses more important as compared to the others. Furthermore, the strategic criterion of tourism potentials with an equivalent weight of 0.51 manifests a higher priority in comparison with the other ones.

Migration is deemed to be one of the most important dimensions of socio-economic development. Nowadays, however, it has turned into a complex issue for both the origin and destination communities of migrants. The issue rises due to the high level of migration and population movements between different geographic, economic, cultural and social areas. Consequently, spatial anomalies – especially of socio-cultural nature – are formed, and the conditions for the emergence of various types of political, cultural-social and economic crises, among others, have started to prevail. Given the specific territorial and demographic combination of Iran in terms of cultural, ethnic, political and economic, the Iranian society is a prominent case for studying this issue. The findings show that from the geographical and political point of view, migration plays a significant role in the political, cultural, social and economic organization of Iran’s space, particularly in the origin and destination of migration. Given the creation of new cultural and economic landscapes, Iran is prone to the emergence of various security issues and crises in the country. This study has tried to analyze the potentials of geographical and political role of migration, by discussing the issues of geographic distribution of population, the homogeneity-heterogeneity of population and the centralized political structure of Iran. This study also employs a descriptive-analytical method.

Desertification has turned into a serious hazard especially for developing countries such as Iran. Experimental models are the most suitable methods for assessment of the desertification intensity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the desertification hazard and risk of the management programs in the desert plains of Segzi in Isfahan province of Iran. According to the MEDALUS model, the results showed that the risk of desertification falls into three classes: very low (5.6 %), severe (21.13 %), and very severe (73.27)% . Climatic criteria (score 193), wind erosion (score 176), and management and policy (score 172) have the greatest impact on desertification severity in the region, respectively. The desertification risk of the region was also evaluated with regard to the desertification hazard map, the environmental elements at risk as well as their sensitivity .The risk assessment results were calculated and classified into five categories : very low, low, medium, high and very high, wherein high and very high classes cover 40% of the area. The highest class denotes to a very low desertification risk with 39% of the area. Based on the obtained results, ground specifications and opinions of experts, an appropriate management plan was proposed. Under critical condition and based on high risk values, plans and control measures such as proper management, the use of new irrigation methods, the use of salinity resistant crops and windbreaks , and also in some areas, preserving the status quo can be applied to prevent the risk of desertification .

Problems in the agricultural sector are different depending on each region. Special attention needs to be paid to regional and local planning, so that the priorities of each region can be precisely determined. In this study, using Agricultural Statistics for 2014, the list of 98 indicators of agricultural development in five major groups (agricultural utilization, yield, agricultural mechanization, livestock and infrastructure services and other agricultural services) was extracted and after weighting the indexes were evaluated using artificial neural network method of agricultural development in the cities. The results of the assessment of the agricultural development level of the counties showed that the city of Shiraz (1.518) and Marvdasht (1.473) ranked first and second and Zarrin Dasht (0.590) and Lamerd (0.495) rank 28 and 29. In the case of cluster 1 indicators of infrastructure services and other agricultural services with a weight of 0.2727 and in cluster 2, the index of performance with the weight of 0.2016 is the most important. According to the results, it is suggested that the government, in line with its core justice policies and the elimination of deprivation in less developed regions, is more concerned with the discovery of the inherent and hidden talents of each region to expand its specialization in production of products Different types of agriculture, including crops, livestock, etc. Also, when allocating credit and distribution of facilities, they should pay more attention to these areas in order to find all the regions in a homogeneous and balanced situation in the agricultural sector.

Development projects have always positive and negative consequences and most of these consequences are associated with the local communities; so, to estimate the consequences and reduce the negative effects of development projects, it is essential to assess the social impacts of the projects. Therefore, in this study, evaluated the social impact on the local communities of Chamkhaleh Port. To this purpose, the impacts of the project were analyzed in seven indicators: quality of the overall living space, the opportunity for growth and development, social cohesion, social participation, economics, biological environment and physical environment. In order to collect information from field observations, individual and group interviews were used as well as questionnaire. The statistical population was 8840 people in the city of Chaf and Chamkhaleh in 1395. According to Cochran's formula, 400 questionnaires was distributed stratified random sampling. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics in SPSS 20 software and by inferential statistics at LISREL 8.80 software. The results showed the impacts of the construction of the port on the quality of life indicators, the opportunities for growth and development, and the economy due to the development of the region, the development of infrastructure, creating new job opportunities and creating new investments in the region, which will improve the livelihoods and the welfare of future generations will be positive. But The project effects on social integration indicators and the physical and biological environment will be negative due to, dredging operations and excavation operations, which affect the region 's environment.