فصلنامه جغرافیا و پایداری محیط
پیاپی 31 (تابستان 1398)

The complex intra-urban movements are considered as the manifest characteristics of the cities on the growth; they may lead to socio-economic and physical inequalities in urban areas. In this process, the central areas of the cities are affected more than other ones. Since the old city or the central part of today’s cities has not been able to upgrade its previous efficient, dynamic, and satisfactory structure to today’s conditions, it has experienced a reduction in environmental quality and, in the broad sense, decay, deterioration, and blight. As a result, many inhabitants of the initial core of the city would rather move toward new locations in order to get a better life quality. After the movements of old inhabitants, their houses are mostly occupied by low-income and job-seeking immigrants. The undesirable multi-dimensional changes in social and economic structures and their echoes in physical and environmental structures make the social, economic, and physical conditions dominate the urban centers which finally lead to a reduction in the environmental quality and their blight.
In accordance with population growth and physical extension, the central part of Tehran has experienced many changes including the movements of original inhabitants and resettled immigrants, changes in the combination and variety of urban land use making them the backup land uses of some of the original ones, coincidence of functional fatigue and physical fatigue, the increase of crime and social harms, and the decrease of the level of public services required by inhabitants. Accordingly, the central part of Tehran has manifested some characteristics and signs of blighted urban areas and, as a result, this has made this part of the city suspicious to a zone with the characteristics of urban blight. Thus, the current study with emphasis on the mental dimension attempts to identify and analyze the factors affecting the formation of urban blight phenomenon in District 3, Region 12 of Tehran City.
This study is mostly based on the initial data resulted from surveying the households using a researcher-made questionnaire; however, the tools of the interview, observation, and the results obtained from the public censuses of population and housing are also used to achieve the required data and information. The statistical society of the study is all the households in District 3, Region 12 of Tehran City (10710 households). The sample size was determined as 200 households according to Cochran formula, although there were challenges like the very low willingness of the residents to participate in research, the various social and security challenges the researchers face in case study area, and the time and financial limitations of the research. The sampling method in the case study area was a simple random method—from the parents or one of the family members older than 16 years old. The single sample T-test was applied to summarize the survey results and compare the averages respectively. Moreover, a factor analysis was employed to reduce the number of independent variables and identify the urban blight dimensions. At the end, the regression analysis was used to identify the factors affecting the formation of urban blight phenomenon in District 3, Region 12 of Tehran City in SPSS software environment.
According to the opinions of respondents and the results of T-test, it can be said with a confidence level of 99% that District 3, Region 12 of Tehran has an undesirable status in most of the studied indices including the existence of vacant houses, ruins, and abandoned lands, privacy and quietness of neighborhood, traffic condition in neighborhood, existence of leisure, recreational, and sports spaces, vitality and dynamism of neighborhood, hope to improve the neighborhood conditions in the future, willingness to reside in neighborhood, and general assessment of inhabitants from neighborhood quality. In addition, by aggregating the indices and creating the final urban blight index, the single-sample T-test was used again for this index. From the obtained results, it can be said—with a confidence level of 95%--that form the local residents’ point of view, their residence place in District 3, region 12 of Tehran has an undesirable status.
After validating the blight status according to the mental perceptions of local residents, the current research considers the identification of the factors affecting the formation of urban blight phenomenon in District 3, Region 12 of Tehran. The number of extracted factors is 6 factors based on the eigenvalue criterion and scree plot. These 6 factors express 69.53% of total variance in data. After determining the dimensions of urban blight, the regression analysis was used by a step-by-step method to identify the factors affecting urban blight in District 3, Region 12, Tehran. The dependent variable in the regression analysis is the final urban blight index, while the independent variables are the 6 factors extracted from the factor analysis. The results obtained from the step-by-step regression analysis show that four factors out of 6 factors extracted from the factor analysis totally express 67.5% of the urban blight variance in the case study area. Four factors of social characteristics (in the first step), neighborhood physical quality (in the second step), housing quality (in the third step), and social capital (in the fourth step) enter the model respectively which totally express 67% of urban blight variance.
The research results show that urban blight is a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon. Among the various dimensions of blight phenomenon, four factors of social characteristics of the neighborhood, physical quality of the neighborhood, housing quality, and social capital are the most important predictors of urban blight in the case study area. The results of the research can be considered by urban planners, policymakers, and managers as a guide to control urban blight phenomenon and improve the life quality of the residents in District 3, Region 12 of Tehran.

The possible utilities of water resources systems are commonly used through several different models. There are two main categories of models including simulation and optimizing models. However, optimizing models are used to design water utility systems, hence; they are not more appropriate for large systems for water resources because they need a long-term application. In addition, sometimes the outputs from these models are uncertain. Thus, the simulation models can be used for utilizing water resources systems. WEAP is a common simulation model that is designed regarding the base flow water of rivers for urban, agriculture, independent basin and complex river along country borders. LINGO is an optimizing model that is the linear planning for the combination of production, investment, marketing, transportation, product formulation, multidirectional scheduling. The current study aims to simulate and optimize the application of the water of Biseton reservoir dam with and without upper being built dams using both LINGO and WEAP models for environment, agriculture and industry sectors.
Biseton reservoir dam and its transport systems are located to the southeastern of Kermanshah along the Kermanshah-Tehran main road at the Kurani- sofla village. Some part of this village is located within reservoir area. However, the water from Gamasiab River will be transferred to Biseton dam through stael pipe with 3.5 m3s-1 capacity during 6 months per year (early December to Jun). The Biseton dam construction is supposed to supply water for agriculture, industry and environment sectors. In this research, sustain distributing the water resources of Biseton dam for these three sectors were carried out using the WEAP and LINGO models. The minimum water for environment belongs to the aquatics of Gamasiab River. So that, the 40 years data of measured hydrology and rainfall (1972-2012) were analyzed by these models exploiting optimal water resources distribution to achieve integrated water resources management for agricultural, industrial and environmental needs.
The results of this research showed that with and without upper built dams, the water supply to Biseton dam is same which shows that the water supply is roughly the same for agriculture, industry and environment. There is about 2 million m3 water for environmental needs annually. Thus, considering the upper stream reservoirs, it is expected that water flow discharge of Gamasiab will reduce and leading to the decrease of environmental water. This situation is related to water storage in reservoir dams that are built in upper stream during rainfall seasons. Adversely, during dry months, the reserved water from these dams flowed down steam for environment needs. It is concluded that environmental water needs can be supplied during dry months. By and large, Biston dam and other similar dams contribute to water for environmental needs. Comparing this results with other similar researches in related to water resources showed that both WEAP and LINGO models are capable for planning and management of water resources in terms of distribution and supply considering different water usage scenario in current time and future.
In this research, a systematic approach including the dam outside the Bistoon bed and upstream dams has been used investigate the needs of agriculture, industry and its production. In this regard, simulation and optimization of the project was carried out in two moods by WEAP and LINGO approaches including the considering and without considering the dams of Gaman basin
Considering the results of this research, simulation and optimization water utilities of Biseton reservoir dam is applicable via LINGO and WEAP models assuming upper being built dams for environment, agriculture and industry sectors. Moreover, transferring and distributing the water through LINGO and WEAP models for agriculture and industry sectors are similar, while there is roughly higher estimated for environmental needs with built dams in upper stream. This situation is related to water storage in reservoir dams that is built in upper stream during rainfall seasons. Adversely, during dry months, the reserved water from these dams flowed down steam for environment needs which is estimated about 2 million m3 per year. It is concluded that environmental water needs can be supplied during dry months. The results of this study, with similar research, have managed to show the efficiency of WEAP and lingo models to help correct management of water resources and to control the crisis of water scarcity.

Since the poorest people of the world live in rural areas, it is essential to take rural development into consideration by using appropriate strategies for improving the utilization of regional resources, increasing production, reducing the exodus of villagers to cities, capital raising and increasing job opportunities (Sojasi Qeydari et al. 2013). Achieving these goals will not be possible without knowing the status of the villages and groups existing there. Clearly, identifying the less-considered rural groups in rural development programs is more important. According to most rural development experts rural women are one of the groups that have been less considered by rural development planners and decision makers because of various economic, social and cultural reasons (Mirlotfi et al. 2013). Unfortunately, despite the important role of rural women in raising their generations and their activities in various economic, social and cultural fields in pursuit of sustainable development, the presence of women in development activities has been overlooked by the authorities and the study area was not excluded from this matter and so far, no scientific studies has been properly conducted in Neyshabur County’s Eshagh Abad on the role of rural women in the pursuit of sustainable development; however, women in this village play a significant and perhaps stronger role than men in advancing the life cycle and removing barriers to development, it was necessary to examine the importance of the role of rural women in achieving the goals of the development and the role of women's activities in the sustainable development of rural areas in Neyshabur County’s Eshagh Abad.
Having two main sub-sections, in this research we used an applied and descriptive-analytical method to study the parameters. The first part is devoted to documentary and library studies in order to investigate such topics as theoretical literature of the subject and the research background, and the second part is conducted in the form of field research and survey for collecting information and then compiling and completing the questionnaire. The statistical population of the study includes all women over 15 years old living in Eshagh Abad district, which is 3921 ones according to the statistics in 2011. The sample size was determined 384 by the Cochran formula at 95% confidence interval (T = 1.96). In the next steps of the study, data analysis was done in a questionnaire using SPSS software, and one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation and Pro-technique were used to answer the questions.
Women's occupation in the agricultural and livestock sector, with an average of 3.25, is significantly higher than the average (Sig = 0.000). Besides, their role with an average of 3.1, is more than average (sig. 000) In the industrial sector, determined with confirmation of 99%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the calculated test in the agricultural and livestock sector is statistically significant. But in the service sector, according to the average obtained, it is equal to 1.21 and sip 0/541 less than average, which is not confirmed because in the studied area service sectors employment contains more men than women. Other results suggest that there is a direct and significant relationship among the dimensions of sustainable development, that is, by improving the situation in one dimension, the other dimensions will get better.
The relationship between women's occupation (agriculture, livestock, industry and services) and the dimensions of sustainable development were used by Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of this analysis indicate that there is a direct and meaningful relationship between agricultural-livestock activities index and sustainable development indicators in economic, social and cultural dimensions with a significant level less than 0.005 and the correlation values are 0.86, 0.73, and 0.61 respectively.
Moreover, there is a direct and significant relationship between the index of industrial activities and sustainable development with the significance level less than 0.005% and the correlation among economic, social and cultural indicators are 0.41, 0.22 and 0.21 respectively. As the results of the research reveal, the effect of women's activities on improving the indicators of sustainable development in the agricultural-livestock sector was higher than the industry, which is due to the fact that women's employment and tendency in the field of agriculture and livestock farming is greater than the industry sector, and also there is lower number of industries in the village.
However, there was no direct and significant relationship between the service activity index and the indicators of sustainable development as the achieved significance level was higher than 0.005% due to low women's employment in the service sector, women's activities in this sector has no direct and significant impact on sustainable rural development.
Promethee technique was used to prioritize the villages of the studied region based on the indicators of sustainable development. At first, the decision matrix was based on the collected data from the questionnaires including economic, social and cultural dimensions and 17 villages in Eshagh Abad. Regarding the rankings, it was revealed that Eshagh Abad's villages are not at the same level in terms of sustainable development indicators. Eshagh Abad village has the highest rank and Aziziyeh village has the lowest.
Among the villages in the studied area, women have a significant role in housekeeping, agriculture, industry and services, which even women's role is far greater than that of men in many of these areas. Therefore, women have an important influence on the development of the rural areas of this region, but unfortunately the rights of this group and their role on the development of this region are ignored. Considering the undeniable power of rural women in improving and eventually causing a sustainable development is an important matter. The results of the analyzes carried out in the studied area also indicate the important role of women in the development of the agricultural-livestock sector and industry, but in the service sector, rural men's presence is more perceptible than that of the rural women.

In coastal towns, using the coasts for developing the tourism industry has been in plans and policies to attract the tourists from a long time ago. Mazandaran Province has 15 coastal cities and 337 kilometers of coast line in which there are different kinds of economic-social activities such as agriculture, fishers, customs, residence, and recreational activities. In this province, the existing conflict and competition among well-known stakeholders for more exploitations of the coast resources and lands has caused serious, widespread disruptions. Therefore, in most regions, coast lands are seized and out of public access. Besides, the desirable development of coastal tourism, as the most potential attraction to attract tourists to these cities and boost local and small businesses, has been marginalized. some certain groups of people have the benefit of this type of coastal development.

In the present study, the “integrated management” approach, which has been introduced in 1990s and welcomed in many coastal areas in recent decades, is emphasized generally. An analytical model has been extracted by the help of literature review and previous studies and research. According to this model, 13 dimensions and 48 indicators for “coastal tourism integrated management” are presented in this paper. Using the survey method and completion of 406 questionnaires by four stakeholder groups: public, private, governmental and people-based related to coastal tourism development in Mazandaran province, the research data about the importance and performance were gathered (in a Likert five-point scale) in the summer and autumn 1397. To evaluate these data, an IPA (Importance - Performance Analysis) method was used. Although there is not any specific format to use this method, a four-phase method by Professor Lai and Hitchcock (2015) has been applied in this paper: 1. Defining the stakeholders 2. Determining the normality of distribution of data 3. Measuring the distance between importance and performance 4. Drawing of IP map (matrix). Moreover, T test is used with two pairs samples (t-value statistics). The result of this test determines the gap between the values of the importance and performance of each indicator. In the final section, the matrix or map of significance - the performance of the dimensions and indicators is displayed. Chi-square test was also used to measure the impact of demographic variables on their answers.  

The results of the Paired-sample t-test have illustrated that all investigated indicators have an importance - performance gap. It means the present performance average of these indicators is lower than importance value. Therefore, this difference was a negative amount for all 48 indicators. Moreover, in the last step of IPA, there is a matrix which has divided 13 dimensions into four parts. As the result of this analysis, only the dimension of “planning and policy making integration” is placed at the first quarter: maintaining (of the existing situation) with both importance and performance more than overall average level. Six dimensions, however, are located in the second quarter (named: concentrate here) which is the most important quarter. These dimensions are: “Stakeholder participation”, “organizational relationships”, “organizational attitude”, “leading and guiding”, “human resources” and “financial resources”. This dimension’s importance level is more than the performance dimension. Therefore, they need more attention in executing the coastal tourism integrated management. The other dimensions are placed in the third and fourth quarters because of a lower importance compared with the others. These are: “governmental-political integration”, “legal context in organizing phase” (in the third quarter named: low priority) and “ICT”, “legal context in monitoring phase”, “legal context in planning phase”, ”access to the facilities and resources” (in the fourth quarter named: possible overkill).

Unfortunately, the performance of all indicators of coastal tourism integrated management in Mazandaran province is less than their importance. According to the results of this study, only the third dimension, i.e. the planning and policy making integration, is in a good position, and efforts should be made to maintain the situation of this dimension. However, it should mentioned that the integration of “anything” in the terminology of policy has always been a holy dream for all planners. As Hall and Harkonen (2006) also argue, the implementation of integrated management in different areas is difficult, and in particular indicators such as the organizations' sustainable attitude, requires appropriate policies and programs from authorities. On the other hand, when the issue of the implementation of dimensions and indicators of integrated management in the specialized field of coastal tourism is raised, considering the conditions and importance of its development in the region, it will undoubtedly become more difficult and require efforts and wider cooperation.

The rural community can be considered as a type of social organization formed on the basis of the relationship between people and local institutions associated with them. Agriculture today plays an essential role in the economic development of countries. The mainstay of the economic and social system of most countries is the largest source of employment. Anecare develops a very important opportunity to reduce malnutrition. The majority of the rural population is dependent on this sector. From the point of view of sustainable development, agricultural-oriented development is also a practical solution to rural problems, which has led to an increase in rural households' incomes, provision of raw materials for industries, export value, food supply and rural welfare improvements. In the national economy of Iran, this sector also plays a crucial role, producing and providing 23% of employment, 14% of gross national product, 31% of non-oil exports and 94% of the country's food needs; therefore, it is one of the most important economic sectors.

The research is a kind of applied one whose method is descriptive-analytic. The data collection is based on field information (questionnaire). The questionnaire was compiled from three main dimensions (knowledge and skills of farmers, rural development and agricultural development) and 36 variables extracted from theoretical basis of the research. Therefore, in order to analyze the information, the descriptive statistics and factor analysis (in the main components analysis method) have been used in the SPSS software to answer the research question. In order to assess the validity of the questionnaires, the opinions of experts in the field of agricultural, irrigation and irrigation promotion in Darab Agricultural Jihad Department were implemented and necessary corrections were made. The reliability of the questionnaire was performed using Cronbach's alpha. Moreover, the Cochran formula was used to obtain the logical volume of the sample population. Regarding the size of the statistical society in Darab city, which had 6780 rural households, 323 households were selected as the sample population to answer the questionnaires. A stratified sampling method was used to carry out a precise study and investigate the effects of agriculture and rural development on each other, so the amount of land was divided into four groups determining the necessary samples based on the number of beneficiaries in each group (based on the data available in Darab Agricultural Jihad). Finally, the samples were randomly assigned to each group with an appropriate assignment.

Descriptive findings indicate that 93% of the respondents was male and 7% was female, the mean age of respondents was 51.10 with a standard deviation of 11.47. The mean of the household was 2.7 with a standard deviation of 0.24. Regarding the status of literacy, the highest prevalence rate was 51%. The highest amount of agricultural land belongs to 5-10 hectares and the lowest percentage is more than 15 hectares. Since more than 50% of farmers have an income 20 million rials, it is argued that the farmers have a good income.
Development is one of the concepts that has a close relationship with the lives of individuals and seeks to raise the standard of living through optimal and optimal conditions. Nowadays, as a large part of the population in rural areas, rural development is an inevitable part of national development. Basically, a majority of villagers are working as a farmer. Since agriculture plays an important role in the rural economy and living conditions, it can also be considered as the basis for rural development. In fact, agriculture is the centerpiece of rural development. As agricultural development and rural development, in turn, have a major impact, the development of each one will lead to another development. In general, the issues related to agriculture and rural life are interrelated. Due to the proximity of the role and importance of agriculture in rural development activities, the concepts of agricultural development and rural development are used synonymously in many of the writings.

Today, one of the important goals of rural development is to enhance the capacities and productivity of the agricultural sector through structural policies in order to exploit the competitive advantages of agricultural products. In structural policies, there is a great emphasis on rebuilding agriculture from intensive cropping, agricultural renewal, increased exploitation, environmental sustainability, and comprehensive support for domestic production, taking into account the relative local and regional benefits. Agricultural section is one of the most powerful economic sectors of the country, which provides approximately one-third of employment, more than four fifth of the country's food needs, half of non-oil exports, nine tenths of the needs of industries to agricultural products, and one-fifth of the country's gross domestic product.

Groundwater resources are the most important sources of agriculture, industry and drinking water supply in many areas. Water quality management for groundwater resources are very important due to the wide use of these resources and there is a need for an adequate understanding of the groundwater quality in the present and future. Coastal aquifers are in contact with the sea which are exposed to saltwater intrusion into fresh groundwater. Therefore, they have a high risk of groundwater water quality degradation. On the other hand, the presence of residential areas in coastal aquifers is accompanied by the entry of drinking water’s wastewater by absorbing wells and leakage from the sewage collection network, which can increase the risk of quality pollution in these areas. Furthermore, the climate change can be very effective in changing water quality in this area due to the direct impact on recharge, and discharge. The Bandar-e-Gaz coastal aquifer is located in the northern part of Iran which is the most important source of fresh water for the inhabitants of this area. The present study aims to assess the impact of climate change on the content and spatial distribution of total dissolved solids, as a water quality measure, in the coastal aquifer level using numerical simulation.

Bandar-e-Gaz coastal aquifer is located to the west of Golestan province in the north of Iran with an area of 173 square kilometers. This aquifer is limited to the Gorgan Gulf from the north, and to the highlands of the Alborz Mountains from the south, and also to the adjacent aquifers from the east and west. In the northern part of the aquifer, groundwater levels have low depth and, on the other hand, significant areas of the Bandar-e-Gaz coastal aquifer area are in the residential area. The drinking water’s wastewater in residential areas is mainly evacuated by absorbing wells, which can significantly reduce the quality of groundwater resources in this aquifer.
The MODFLOW and MT3DMS groundwater models in the form of an integrated model were used to simulate the groundwater level and content and spatial distribution of total dissolved solids. These models solve the driving partial differential equations numerically using a finite difference method. To implement this model, determination of boundary conditions, quantitative and qualitative observation wells, hydrodynamic coefficients of the aquifer, recharge, and discharge from the aquifer, porosity, and longitudinal dispersion coefficient are necessary. The models used for a 12-month calibration period were verified in next 12 months. Besides, the mean of absolute error or MAPE was used to determine the precision of the model.
In this study, the 5th report of International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and new emission scenarios were used to investigate the climate change impacts on future changes in content and spatial distribution of total dissolved solids in the Bandar-e-Gaz coastal aquifer. The impacts of climate change on groundwater quality were studied under two optimistic and pessimistic scenarios. These are as follows:Optimistic climate scenario (RCP2.6) + extraction of groundwater at a constant rate until 2100+ no change in Caspian Sea level up to 2100.
Pessimistic climate scenario (RCP8.5) + extraction of groundwater with an increase equal to 2% per year by the year 2100 + 5 meters decrease of Caspian Sea level at the end of the period 2100.

Considering the model's precision criterion (mean absolute percentage error) indicates that this criterion in the calibration and verification period is in the range of (0.0008-0.029) and (0.032-0.055) which indicates the precision and also the perfect reliability of the model to estimate the content and spatial distribution of the total dissolved solids in Bandar-e-Gaz coastal aquifer. The results of the emission scenarios show that both scenarios indicate an increase in future precipitation and temperatures, but the intensity of the changes in these two scenarios are different. The simulation of total dissolved solids based on the optimistic scenario shows that the average content of this pollutant will have a seasonal periodic behavior in the long term and will experience a very limited increase in the aquifer level. The use of a pessimistic scenario represents a periodic and increasing behavior in the average content of total dissolved solids at the aquifer. Moreover, there will be a different intensity of increases in different periods, with the greatest increase in near future. Furthermore, the prediction of spatial distribution of total dissolved solids indicates that pollution in the north of the aquifer will be significantly increased, and the increase in pollution at the aquifer level will not be uniform in the spatial pattern, which can be due to the spatial distribution of residential areas, as well as water extraction wells.

The prediction of the response of coastal aquifers to pollutants from the sea and by humans is very important. In this study, numerical models were used to predict the quality response of Bandar-e-Gaz coastal aquifer to climate change as well as human activities. The results of this study indicate that an increase in the total dissolved solids content in the aquifer will occur in future. The numerical simulation also leads to the estimation of spatial distribution and changes of total dissolved solids c in Bandar-e-Gaz coastal aquifer. The predicted values for increasing the total dissolved solids content, as well as the expansion of spatial distribution maps of this pollutant, can be used as a suitable tool for managing groundwater quality in the area.

Encouraging people to think about the future is a participatory approach to the main element of scenario planning. Today, research into the future and the process of scenario planning is widely used by local stakeholders and communities (Ducat, 2017). By entering a new field on social, economic and environmental issues, transformations in the urban environment have reached their maximum, and predictions in such a situation are always in error. The transition from traditional planning to new planning approach has been one of the most important changes in urban planning over the past several decades (Rahnema and Maroofi, 2015: 45). In such a situation, the use of traditional approaches to planning is not effective (Shirvani et al., 2017). Participatory scenario planning contributes to create common vision, common knowledge and increase collaboration between individuals and local communities (Palomo, 2011). Considering the importance and necessity of research, the main goal of this research is not only to study the urban environment scenarios in Tehran, region 1 but also to evaluate the main actors, citizens in interpreting the future status of the environment of this region and assess the role of citizens in the planning and environmental management.

The study area is the district 1 of Tehran municipality. As the current paper aims at determining the possible scenarios of the environmental situation and the role of stakeholders in the future, quantitative and qualitative methods have been used to collect and analyze the data. Data gathering was carried out as field studies. First, spatial data were collected from official centers of the country and the related departments, including the Statistical Center of Iran and the Mapping Organization, then to fieldwork has been used to collect supplementary information through questionnaires. The statistical population of this research is the all residents of the district 1 in Tehran. The method of probabilistic sampling is of classing type.

The results of the research show that "optimal management of urban land use", "citizenship participation and increasing the role of local communities" in the environment of the region have the highest impact and the greatest uncertainty, and future forces for environmental situation of the region. Therefore, these two propulsive forces were selected as the main axis of scenario analysis and four scenarios were developed in a cooperative way for the future. The data analysis of the questionnaire shows that the significance level for the three indicators of citizenship awareness, environmental behavior and citizenship accountability among the two research groups is less than 0.05, which indicates that the participants in the compilation environmental scenarios are environmentally friendly and require themselves to do the routines in accordance with the protection and promotion of the environment of their habitat. In contrast, those who do not know the future environmental prospects of the region in relation to the principles Ecological citizenship did not require themselves to conduct environmental behaviors. Considering the fact that citizens involved in participatory scenarios in terms of citizenship environmental awareness indicators, citizenship accountability and environmental behavior were significantly different from those who were not involved in the participatory scenario process, but in the area of citizen cooperation with local institutions Preservation and promotion of urban environment has no significant difference revealing that the institutional problems and the gap between management institutions in the area of urban environmental protection in the region is very high, and only participatory scenarios cannot improve this indicator. Governing the urban environment also requires leaders to enhance institutional capacity. Participatory scenarios can provide citizens with an atmosphere of the future of the neighborhood environment. Therefore, the citizens are faced with a common intellectual atmosphere about the effective factors and key variables regarding the environment of their place of residence, they can better reach a common consensus. In this research, the development of environmental scenarios in the city of Tehran has been done in a collaborative way that can be the basis for citizen participation in urban environmental debate.

Participatory scenario can be used as a new approach to strengthening citizen participation in urban planning, and in the context of Habermas's communication action theory, complementing other approaches to citizen participation in management and planning of Tehran metropolitan and the region's environment; so citizens and stakeholders actually participate in the planning process. This kind of planning will be against intellectual and elitist planning which will pave the way for universal action. In other words, developing a common understanding of environmental issues can lead to a social action.