نشریه علوم درمانگاهی دامپزشکی ایران
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 21، بهار و تابستان 1398)

Mucin, a filamentous glycoprotein, is responsible for lubrication and protection of the mucosal epithelia from damages caused by the digesta, digestive secretions, and microorganisms. Goblet cells have potential to secrete granules which is distributed in the intestinal epithelium. The secretory granules contain glycoproteins, including mucins, which are classified into two types, neutral and acidic. The latter can be further differentiated into sulphomucins or sialomucins. There is increased attention to the bovine mucosal immunity because it can aid in preventing colonization and eventually infection of mucosal epithelia. Moreover, mucus is also a selective barrier for absorption across the small intestine. Additionally, as the mucus constitutes the interface between the epithelium and the lumen, mucin could be used as a marker of interaction between the epithelium and dietary components. Measuring the flow of intestinal mucin is a challenge for better understanding the interactions between nutrient digestibility and the gastrointestinal mucosa. The ileal flow of mucin in pigs has been estimated indirectly by using hexosamines as markersThirty-two calves (16 males and 16 females) were randomly divided into two treatment groups and fed with starter diets based on corn or barley as the grain source. Starter feeding began on the third day of life, and high quality alfalfa hay and fresh cow milk were fed according to the farm schedule. The calves were weighed at birth and weekly thereafter until weaning. Nutrient digestibility was determined at 2, 6, and 8 weeks of age. Mucin was crudely separated from fecal samples, and correlation of mucin concentration with digestibility parameters and growth characteristics determined. Mucin excretion rate was negatively correlated with the nutrient digestibility; at 8 weeks of ages it has also negatively correlated with feed intake (r=-0.37, P=0.0406). Further research is required to determine the detailed metabolism of mucin in the gastrointestinal tract of calves and its effect on animal performance.

In vitro ovarian follicle culture in females at the risk of losing fertility, such premature ovarian failure (POF) and in those subjected to chemo/radio therapy as well as in animals – species at risk of extinction in a promising strategy for fertility preservation. Development of ovarian growing follicles is regulated by the coordinated action of several signaling pathways. The use of some activators or inhibitors of signaling pathways is effective in optimizing the culture conditions of immature follicles. The aim of this study was examining in vitro growth of bovine ovarian secondary stage follicles (> 80 μm) by mimicking the process of in vivo follicular development through of the Akt signaling pathway activator, PS48. Small secondary stage follicles were isolated by enzymatic digestion from slaughter ovaries by collagenase type I and Dnase I, cultured in the presence of BSA (3 mg/ml), FBS (10%), Akt (5µM PS48, first 48 h of culture) or Akt + FBS (5µM PS48, first 48 h of culture + 10% FBS) for ten days and then evaluated for growth rate. The follicular size was significantly increased in all experimental groups during 10 days culture (P<0.05). In all our groups, growth rate/day was higher in initial days of culture, after that follicular growth rate decreased. The highest growth rate was observed in FBS + PS48 group, while the lowest growth rate was detected in PS48. On the other hand, though the FBS supplemented group could increase the growth rate of follicles, its combination with PS48 was more effective . In conclusion, in our study condition the best result in follicular growth, was obtained when follicular culture medium was supplemented with FBS + PS48. In conclusion, in our study condition the best result in follicular growth, was obtained when follicular culture medium was supplemented with FBS + PS48.

Helminths with creation of clinical diseases, some mortality and subclinica l Complications such as weight loss and anaemia caused a sharp drop in livestock production. Therefore, fighting with them especially in the sheep, which are highly dependent on pasture and therefore are susceptible to worm infection have been considered by veterinary organization so long before and drugs such as albendazole and levamisole have been used in abundance in Iran. In present study, in order to determine the effectiveness of two drugs; albendazole and levamisole, three groups comprised of ten sheep in each group had been chosen in five flocks near the city of mashhad, and after making sure of their physical health, in two stages, one just before administration of the drugs and the other 14 days later, faecal samples were taken from all studied sheep. Then, albendazole (7.5mg/kg) and levamisole (7.5mg/kg) were given to the group one and two orally, respectively. No drug was administrated to the group three as the control group. Counting of parasite eggs in faces (EPG) were performed by using Clayton-Lane method and efficacy of anthelminthic drugs were evaluated by egg reduction rate formula. The results showed that average efficacy of albendazole and levamisole were 46% and 44% respectively which should be considered. So, providing proper instruction under consideration by the aim and time of drug administration, type of parasite, infection rate of worms, the appropriate dosage according to animal species in order to prevent or delay the development of resistance is necessary.

In this study, the effect of mulberry leaf ethanoic extract on blood, serum and antioxidant parameters of broiler chickens under cold stress was investigated. A total of 108 one-day old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly divided into 3 groups and each group included of 36 chicks with 3 replicates. Experimental treatments were: control group and two levels of mulberry leaf ethanoic extract, which respectively were fed with basal diet and levels of 0.05% and 0.1% of mulberry leaf ethanoic extract. Malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity of serum, PCV, heterophile to lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, right ventricle to total ventricle (RV/TV) ratio, serum biochemical factors and humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated. The results of this study showed that RV/TV ratio was lower in mulberry leaf ethanoic extract, and this difference was statistically significant in the group 0.1% of mulberry leaf ethanoic extract (P<0.05). The H/L ratio was reduced in the level 0.1% of mulberry leaf ethanoic extract (P<0.05). PCV levels decreased insignificantly in mulberry leaf treatments. Serum nitric oxide increased in 0.1% of mulberry leaf group (P<0.05). Triglyceride level decreased significantly in the group 0.05% and LDL-C level decreased significantly at both levels of 0.05 and 0.1% of mulberry leaf (P<0.05). HDL-C increased significantly at the level 0.05% of mulberry leaf (P<0.05). Serum malondialdehyde decreased significantly in mulberry leaf treatments and total antioxidant capacity of serum increased significantly at the level 0.05% of mulberry leaf (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in uric acid, total protein and serum cholesterol level. Humoral and cellular immunity increased insignificantly. Mortality decreased in mulberry leaf treatments but it was not significant. In conclusion the present study showed that the addition of mulberry leaf ethanoic extract to broiler chickens diet improved the antioxidant parameters and increased nitric oxide, decreased RV/TV ratio, blood lipid levels and mortality, so can be effective in preventing ascetic syndrome.

The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effect of nutrient density in diet and lighting period on some biochemical parameters of broilers. A total of 768 day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were used in an unbalanced completely randomized design with 6 groups. There were two nutrient densities: high (H) and low (L). The 3 lighting regimes were 18L: 4D, 20L: 4D, and 23L: 1D. Blood samples (7 samples from every group) were collected and serum separated for assay biochemical profile. Serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globin and uric acid were measured. The highest serum glucose and lowest triglyceride and total protein level were found in group with 23L: 1D. In contrast the lowest serum glucose level was group with 18L: 4D. Other factors for example AST, uric acid, Albumin, Globulin, Ratio of albumin to globulin were not significant (P<0.05). It is concluded that lighting regimes influence on blood biochemical components.

In order to evaluate effects of supplementation of a low-protein wheat-based diet (WBD) with different levels of threonine on performance and immune function, 280 mail one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were used in a completely randomized design with seven treatments of four replicates each. Treatments were a WBD supplemented with seven levels of threonine (90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, and 150% of NRC (1994) recommendation. During 1-21 d of age, feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded weekly. For humoral immune system evaluation, sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was injected; and in order to evaluate cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) response, Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (100 µg) was injected into toe web. Increasing the threonine level to more than 130% of NRC (1994) recommendations, decreased BWG (P<0.05) during 15 to 21 d of age. Adjusting threonine level at 110% NRC (1994) recommendations comparing to 90%, improved FCR during 15 to 21 and 1 to 21 d of age (P<0.05). Supplementation of the WBD with threonine at the levels of 110, 120, and 130% of NRC (1994) recommendation, significantly increased antibody titre against SRBC (P<0.05). Higher dietary threonine levels (110% and 130% of NRC (1994) recommendations), increased CBH response after PHA injection (P<0.05). Overall, it seems that the requirements of threonine in WBD for optimum performance and immune system enhancement, is more than the NRC (1994) recommendations.

Cryopreservation has led to many improvements in domestic animal breeding industry, especially in terms of spreading of superior genes. The improvement of extenders and cryoprotectants can result in a significant increase in transporting and inseminating of frozen stallion semen. In this study, we analysed the genes that would be expressed in stallion cryopreserved sperm and by providing an adequate amplification, they would be selected as reference genes in the future studies. Live sperm with above 70% motility were selected from six different stallions. Sperm samples were divided in to two parts for total mRNA extraction. The selective amplification of three candidate genes (L32, βactin and Ubiquitin) were transcribed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Gene stabilities were calculated by GeNorm and BestKeeper softwares. Results indicated that the expression of L32 gene is less stable than that of β-actin and Ubiquitin. The expression stability of β-actin and Ubiquitin were similar. These genes can be used for normalizing of RT-qPCR reaction data. The GeNorm software introduced the best combination of genes as, β-actin and Ubiquitin with the stability value (M) of 0.083. The results of BestKeeper software showed that the most stable house-keeping gene was β-actin.

Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is an important pathogens of poultry and turkeys, and causes respiratory infection, lameness, decreased growth rate, loss of egg production and hatch reduction. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of MS infection in industrial poultry of Ardabil province, northwestern Iran, and to find the possible association of prevalence of infection with some potential factors. Between October 2012 and April 2013, 655 blood samples were collected from 36 industrial flocks. Serum samples were examined by Rapid Serum Plate Agglutination (RSPA) and ELISA tests. From 36 flocks, 13 flocks (36.1%) in RSPA and 11 flocks (30.6%) in ELISA were positive. From 655 serum samples, 261 samples (39.8%) and 207 samples (31.6%) were positive in RSA and ELISA tests, respectively. In RSPA, sensitivity, specificity and correlation rate of ELISA were 84.6%, 92.5% and -0.352, respectively. The highest rate of seroprevalance with statistical difference (p<0.001) was in winter. 31.8% of MS prevalence was detected in the female type and 28.9% in the male type. The capacity of the flocks was classified into four groups and the highest MS seroprevalance was seen in the flocks including more than 20000 birds. The prevalence of MS in Namin city was significantly (p<0.05) higher (32.2%) as compared to other regions. The results of this study showed that factors such as sex of birds, size of flocks, seasonal variations and density of flocks in sampling regions were effective in MS. Also, the seroprevalence of MS infection is relatively higher in the industrial flocks of Ardabil Province. It needs to respect the biosecurity and sanitation principles and providing free MS chickens.

Cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa has an important role in the conservation programs of endangered domestic and wild animal species, as well as, maintaining the genetic potential of suddenly dead valuable males. The aim of the present study was setting up an optimum protocol for the cryopreservation of ram epididymal spermatozoa. Spermatozoa extracted from the cauda epididymis of slaugtherd rams were frozen in the extenders containing 2, 4 and 6 percent glycerol and were thawed at 37 and 65˚C. Post-thawing motility parameters were evaluated by CASA. The factorial ANOVA model were used to determine the statistical differences between the main effects of the glycerol concentrations, thawing temperatures and their interactions (concentration×temperature). Because a non-significant interaction was detected, the main effects (concentration and temperature) were interpreted. The effect of glycerol concentration on the all motility parameters and the effect of thawing temperature on the majority of motility parameters were significant (P<0.05). Among the glycerol concentrations, 2% had the lowest motility and 4% had the highest motility (P<0.05). Among the the thawing temperatures, thawing at 65˚C led to significantly better post-thawing motility than thawing at 37˚C (P<0.05). Finally, freezing ram epididymal spermatozoa in an extender containing 4 percent glycerol and thawing the frozen spermatozoa at 65˚C had the best outcome.

In this study, 120 rainbow trout fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were prepared in six different groups and stored at refrigerator 28 days. During this time, the production of their biogenic amines (histamine, putrecine and cadaverine) were assessed. The groups were included as control, fresh rainbow trout fillet; treatment 1, packaged with modified atmosphere packaging (O2 5%, CO2 20%, N2 75%); treatment 2, dipped in Caper extracts (0.2%); treatment 3, dipped in Caper extracts (0.5%); treatment 4, dipped in Caper extract (0.2) and packaged with modified atmosphere packaging; treatment 5, dipped in Caper extracts (0.5) and packaged with modified atmosphere packaging. From each group, 4 samples were prepared and evaluated as triplicate at five times (0, 7, 14, 21, 28 days). The amount of histamine was significantly decreased at treatments 3, 4 and 5 in day 14 of refrigerator storage compared to other groups (P<0.05). The amount of putrecine significantly decreased at treatments 4 and 5 in day 28 compared to control (P<0.05). The amount of cadaverine significantly decreased at treatment 5 in day 28 compared to control and treatment 1 (P<0.05). In conclusion, these results showed that using of Caper extract associated with modified atmosphere packaging reduce the production of biogenic amines in rainbow trout fillet that increase its shelf life.

Calves with failure of passive immunity transfer are susceptible to septicemia and enteric and respiratory disease. Some studies have shown that failure of passive immunity transfer affects animal performance even in older ages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the failure of passive immunity transfer in calves in the traditional farms of Neyshabour. For this purpose, in 3th day after birth, blood samples were gathered from 98 calves. The results showed that mean total protein is 6.46 ± 1/06 gr/dl. There was a significant difference in total protein concentration in male and female calves (p=0.004). Serum total protein concentration was less than 5.2 gr/dl only in 6 of calves (6.1%). 5 of them were male (9% of male calves) and only one case (6.2% heifers) was female. The mean serum globulin in examined calves was 3.37 ± 1.12 gr/dl. There was a significant difference in globulin concentration in male and female calves (P=0.006). It indicates that more immunoglobulin absorption has been happened in the female calves. The amount of IgG was classified as 1 (week transfer), 2 (moderate transfer) and 3 (good transfer). Passive transfer was done good in 93.9% calves and the rest of the cases (6.1%) had a moderate passive transfer. There was a significant and high association between total protein and globulin (P0.01, r= 0.968).

This research was conducted to compare the histopathologic characteristics of wound healing in the canine urinary bladder following full thickness incision using conventional and electrical scalpel. For this purpose, 24 adult healthy mixed breed dogs were randomly allocated to two groups of 12 dogs each. Cystotomy was performed for a length of 4 cm using conventional and electrical scalpel in control and treatment groups on the ventral surface of the bladder and the incision was routinely sutured. The incised area of bladder was harvested for histopathologic evaluation on days 0 (immediately after surgery), 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 after surgery. The degree of haemorrhage, tissue trauma, inflammation, re-epithelialization, healing of mucosal and muscular layers and fibrotic reaction were graded and studied at the aforementioned time intervals. The results indicated that there were differences in urinary bladder wound healing during the course of the first 3 weeks in a way that tissue trauma was minimal and the speed of re-epithelialization, disappearance of inflammation and wound healing was faster in the control group while less haemorrhage was observed in the treatment group. Overall despite the differences observed, the process of wound healing had occurred similarly after the 28-day period in the two treatment groups and therefore the use of electrical scalpel in canine cystotomy is recommended to decrease haemorrhage and operation time without any deleterious effects on wound healing