فصلنامه علوم روانشناختی
پیاپی 76 (تیر 1398)

The principles and techniques of a new psychotherapeutic model for the treatment of psychological disorders, shortly named PTC (Paradox + Timetable = Cure), is introduced in this article.

Evaluating the effectiveness of PTC model for the treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is another objective of the present article.

PTC is a very short-term psychotherapeutic model successfully used for the treatment of a wide range of psychological disorders including anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, trauma- and stress-related disorders, somatic symptom and related disorders and feeding and eating disorders (Besharat, 2017). The PTC therapy process and outcomes for a SAD patient is fully described in the present article.

Results of a three-session PTC therapy indicated that the treatment of the patient was successfully done. The result of a three-years follow-up showed that the therapeutic changes were satisfactory, stable and permanent, during which no relapse was happened. These results corroborated the deep and permanent effects of the PTC psychotherapeutic model in the shortest possible time. The influential mechanisms of “paradoxical timetable”, as the main PTC technique, and its adjustment to the treatment outcomes of the patient are also explained in the present article.

The PTC psychotherapeutic model, as a very short-term, effective, efficient and yet economical approach is introduced and suggested for the treatment of SAD.

Several studies have pointed to the relationship between parental styles and adolescent mental health, but the current research question is whether adolescent self-knowledge processes can affect the relationship between parenting styles and adolescent mental health?

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of adolescent self-knowledge processes in the relation of parental styles and adolescent mental health.

The research method was the structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study included high school students in the academic year of 2016-17 in Tehran. The sample is 146 adolescents with their parents selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling. The research questionnaires included Tangney’s short form of self-control scale (2004), Ghorbani's self-knowledge scale (2008), Brown's and Ryan's mindfulness scale (2003), Costello & Comrey’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (1967), and baumrind’s parenting styles Questionnaire (1967).

Data were analyzed by using the structural equation method. It was showed that the fitting indices of the research model are in a favorable situation (GFI=0/95) and all three indicators of self-knowledge processes have a mediating role in the relation between parenting styles and adolescent mental health (other than mother’s Authoritarian style).

The result shows the adolescent's active role in promoting his mental health.

Research has shown the effectiveness of the emotion-focused approach on self-efficacy of  Female Head of Household . Research shows that some of the maladaptive schemas of  Female Head Household caregivers are active, so it should be clear what the difference is between the influence of the treatment schema and the emotion-focused approach.

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the effectiveness of emotion-focused and schema therapy approach on the  self-Efficacy of Parenting in  Mothers of the household head.

This research was a semi-experimental design with pre-test-post-test design with two experimental groups and one control group. 45 women were selected from the statistical population of the family headed women in charity organizations in Tehran and randomly assigned to three groups of 15. First, parents' self-efficacy questionnaire was performed by  Dumka et al. (1996), then  Then, emotion focused sessions Johnson and Greenberg (2005)for experimental group 1 and scheme  therapy  Yang (2003) for experimental group 2 were administered. , but no intervention was performed for the control group after 2 months of follow-up  To test the effect of schema therapy and excitement, the research questionnaire was distributed with the aim of follow-up test and the required data were collected.

The results of repeated measurements showed that Both emotional treatments and schema therapy were effective in increasing the self-efficacy of parental women in the head of household (p≤0/001). The results of the paired comparison indicated that the therapist's schematics had more influence on the self-efficacy of the female parenting than the emotional-focused therapy.

Both Emothon-focosed and schema therapy are effective in increasing self-Efficacy of Parenting, but schema therapy is more effective.

Researchers have always tried to prevent the formation and escalation of academic failure by making decisions for educational system administrators. For this reason, they have been using forecasting statistical methods. Bayesian network is one of the Predictor Data mining methods and Academic failure is one of the major problems in the higher education system.

The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with academic failure using educational data mining and Bayesian networks.

The research population was all undergraduate students of Tehran University. A sample of 800 people was selected by Stratified Random Sampling. After performing and eliminating confused questionnaires, 746 questionnaires were analyzed and data were collected using   researcher-made students' academic failure questionnaire, which had a validity of professors and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0/971.

Data collected from students was analyzed and Bayesian model was obtained.The accuracy of the algorithm was equal to 95/84% .

The results showed that all factors of the questionnaire were effective in the occurrence of academic failure and individual factors were the only factors that directly and indirectly affect the occurrence of academic failure. The accuracy of the algorithm indicates that the Bayesian network model can predict the academic failure well.

Cancer disease causes children with psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression to reduce their need for appropriate psychological treatments such as child-centered mindfulness treatment for depression and anxiety.

Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate child-centered mindfulness therapy on the depression and anxiety after drug therapy in the children with cancer.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control group and two-month follow-up design. The statistical population of the present study included all the children with cancer in 2018 in the city of Isfahan who referred to Omid therapy center and received drug therapy. The sample size was 30 children with cancer who were selected through convenient sampling method and randomly replaced into experimental and control group. The experimental group received 60-minute therapeutic interventions related to child-centered mindfulness (Burdic, 2017). during two-an-a-half months once a week. The applied instruments included child depression questionnaire (Quax, 1992) and children anxiety multi-dimensional scale (March, et.al, 1997). The data analysis was conducted through descriptive statistics and repeated measurement ANOVA.

The results showed that child-centered mindfulness therapy has significantly influenced the depression and anxiety after drug therapy of the children with cancer (p<0/001) in a way that this treatment was able to decrease depression and anxiety of the children with cancer.

According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that mindfulness therapy can be used as an efficient treatment to decrease the children’s depression and anxiety in the children with cancer through employing techniques such as thoughts, emotions and mindful behavior.

Research findings have confirmed the effectiveness of positive-focused interventions on enhancing the feelings, behaviors and positive cognitions of students. That is these of interventions are the focus of attention today in order to maintain academic health of students. So problem is, whether positive training package may effect on the emotions and the teacher-student relationships?

This study examined the effectiveness of positive training package on the emotions and the teacher-student relationships.

Research design was semi-experimental and pretest- posttest type with control group. The study population included all of the male 6th grade students in Dorodzan Marvdasht. Of this students, 40 were selected through multistage random sampling as the samples of the research and randomly divided in two experimental (n=20) and control groups (n=20). The Experimental groups received a positive training package based on Gonzalez et al (2014) and Qulliam (2003) in 10 one-hour sessions. For the collected data positive affect and negative affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988), and teacher-student relationships scale (Murray& Zvoch., 2011) were used. For data analysis, multivariate analysis of covariance was used.

The results showed effectiveness positive training intervention enhanced positive affect and teacher-student relationships and reduce negative affect (p<0/001).

It can be concluded that, positive training package can be enhancing the positive emotions and improved teacher-student relationships.

Patients with chronic pain have their own psychological problems in addition to physical problems. Most of these interventions are medical intervention and there is a vacuum of research on psychological interventions. Mindfulness has influenced a variety of variables, but its impact on the self-concept and self-management of patients with chronic pain has been neglected.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy on self-concept and  Hypochondriasis in patients with chronic pain.

This research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with experimental group and control group. From the community of patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain referred to the campus multidisciplinary pain clinic in the year 1977 by available method, 30 patients were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 15 each. The method of implementation was that both Beck's (1978) and Evans (1980) self-medication pretests were administered to both groups first. Then, mindfulness sessions based on Kabat-Zinn (2003) approach were presented to the experimental group for 8 sessions of 90 minutes but no intervention for the control group. After the intervention, post-test was performed on both groups and the data were analyzed using covariance.

The results of covariance analysis showed that mindfulness-based therapy had an effect on increasing the self-concept of patients with chronic pain (p≤0/001) but had no significant effect on  Hypochondriasis (p≥0/005).

Mindfulness-based therapy can be used to increase the self-concept of patients with chronic pain.

Vitality is one of the psychological dimensions of  female headed households that has been the focus of research. How important are coping styles and religious beliefs in predicting the vitality of female -headed households? There is a research vacuum in this area.

The purpose of this study was to predict life based on coping styles and religious beliefs in female headed families.

The research method was correlation. A total of 200 individuals were selected from the statistical population of all women wives of the family of Yazd, using available sampling method. Research was performed on them. The research questionnaires included vitality (1997), coping styles (1990) and religious beliefs (2003). After collecting data, the data were analyzed using Pearson and multiple regression tests.

Pearson correlation results showed that there was a negative correlation between vitality and avoidant coping style and with problem-oriented and religious beliefs. Multiple regression showed that only the problem-oriented lifestyle of coping styles could predict meaningful vitality (p<0/001). Religious beliefs also managed to predict meaningful vitality (P<0/001).

The livelihood of female-headed households is predictable with religious beliefs and problem-oriented coping style, so it is possible to enhance the vitality of these women by strengthening religious beliefs and problem-oriented coping style.

Recurrence in substance abusers is high, but alexithymia, impulsivity and emotional intelligence can  play a role in predicting it.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of alexithymia, impulsivity and emotional intelligence in predicting recurrence of substance abuse disorder.

Descriptive-correlational research method and among those who referred to addiction treatment centers, 120 were selected by purposeful. For information gathering, we used the predicted scales Wright at al( 2001, Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (FTAS-20) (1994), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) (2004), and Bradbury and Graves' emotional intelligence(2005) . Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and regression.

The results showed that there is a  significant positive relationship between alexithymia, difficulty in identifying feelings, total score of impulsivity and the dimensions of motor impulsivity and cognitive impulsivity with relapse. There was a significant  negative relationship between the impulsiveness of non-planning , emotional intelligence and dimensions with self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and relationship management of emotional intelligence components   and recurrence of drug use (p<0/01). impulsivity in non-planning,impulsivity and management of relationships could explain the recurrence of drug use (p<0/01).

So it can be concluded  that with increasing alexithymia and general impulsivity, increased recurrence of drug abuse, and with the increase in emotional intelligence, decreased recurrence of drug abuse.

Eating disorders are one of the most common psychosomatic disorders that leads to many problems in physical, emotional health and mental functioning. But the main issue is that does positive psychological intervention is effective on reducing difficulties in emotion regulation in adolescents with eating disorders symptoms?

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of positive psychological intervention on reducing difficulties in emotion regulation in adolescents with eating disorders symptoms.

The present study was a semi-experimental studies with pretest-posttest design and control group. The statistical population includes all female students studying at secondary schools in urmia to number of 4276 peoples in the 2018-2019 academic year. From this population, a sample of 30 people was selected through targeted sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. participants completed in the pre-test and post-test stages of Gratz & Roemer (2004) difficult in emotion regulation  and  In the meantime, the subjects in the experimental group were trained positive psychotherapy (Seligman et al., 2006) by the researcher in 8 sessions of 90 minutes a week for 1 session. Data analysis was performed using covariance analysis.    

The findings showed that positive psychological intervention reduced the mean scores of the experimental group on difficulties in emotion regulation and its components including lack of acceptance of emotional responses, difficulty in goal-directed behavior, difficulty in controlling impulse, lack of emotional awareness, Limited access to strategies and lack of emotional clarity compared to the control group (p<0/05).

Therefore, it can be argued that positive psychological intervention is an effective treatment for improving emotion regulation problems in adolescents with symptoms of eating disorder.

Based on the cognitive model of Body Dysmorphic Disorder, the progression of ineffective beliefs results in negative thinking. Normally, mental disorders with acute or chronic malnutrition indicate that the patient suffers from lack of nutrients. The main question is whether cognitive behavioral training is effective on these two variables?

The main aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral education on Food habits and Body Dysmorphic Disorder in girls.

A quasi-experimental study was carried out with a pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population of this study included 200 single girls in the age range of 17 to 25 years old in sport clubs in District 3 of Tehran, and 60 of them who had the criteria for participating in the research were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling and by screening method the number of participants reached to 24.They were assigned in two groups randomly & by homogenization. For pre-test and post-test, both groups completed the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale(1977) and Coker Roger Eating Habits Questionnaire(1990) Training sessions for the experimental groups were conducted based on the cognitive behavioral therapy group. (Babylon, Mckeb & Anthony,2006) 

Findings of the present study showed that cognitive-behavioral training significantly influence on dietary habits and dysmorphic (P<0/001).            

Based on the findings of this study, cognitive behavioral training can cause replacing of more correct and objective cognitions and affect eating habits and body dysmorphic.

Marital satisfaction is one of the common concepts used for assessing happiness and stability in a marriage. It is a multidimensional concept that is affected by several  factors such as marital  burnout , loneliness and sexual  function.

  The purpose of this study was   to predict marital satisfaction based on  marital burnout, loneliness and sexual function of married students.

The research method was correlation which is categorized as descriptive research methods. The statistical population included all married female students of  Karaj Islamic Azad University who were studying in the academic year 97-98. Of the 1400  married women students, 300 person selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected by Enrich's marital satisfaction questionnaire (1989), Pines's marital burnout (1996), Dehshari's et al. loneliness (1387) and sexual function of women of Rosen's et al. (2000).

The results of statistical analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between marital burnout, loneliness and marital satisfaction, and a significant positive correlation between sexual function and marital satisfaction (p<0/01).  Also, variables  of  marital burnout, loneliness and  sexual function, 14% of the variance in  marital satisfaction of  women married students  was explained(p<0/01).

  It can be concluded that the variables of  marital burnout, loneliness, and sexual function play an important role in the marital satisfaction of married female students.