Journal of Disease and Diagnosis
Volume:8 Issue: 1, Jun 2019

Cervical cancer is one of the most widespread and major causes of women's death in developing countries. The aim of this study was to the assessment of the knowledge and attitudes towards cervical cancer among women in the south of Iran.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 women who referred to Shariati Hospital. Data collection was done by using a questionnaire consisted of three sections (demographic information, knowledge, and attitude). Total score of knowledge score was classified as low=less than 50%, moderate=50-75%, and good=75-100%. Also, attitude total score of less than 50% indicated negative, 50-70%=neutral, and 75-100%=positive. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 with the required central criteria, Pearson correlation coefficient, and analysis of variance.
Our findings showed that the mean age of the subjects was 34.49±8.9 years. Also, it suggested that 43 subjects (21.5%) had low, 133 (66.5%) moderate and 24 (12%) good level of knowledge. Knowledge of cervical cancer was significantly associated with education level (P-value= 0.014).
Also, one subject (0.5% (had negative, 93 (46.5%) neutral, and 106 (53%) had a positive attitude toward cervical cancer. A significant difference showed that between attitude and education level (P-value=0.001).
According to the results, the programs that could raise knowledge and change attitudes about cervical cancer prevention is recommended.

Nurses are one of the main members of the health and treatment team; therefore, attention to job satisfaction is an important factor affecting the quality of health services provided by them. In recent years, improving healthcare has been one of the main concerns of staff in this area. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the health reform plan (HRP) on job satisfaction of nurses working in public hospitals at Ardebil and Khalkhal cities. This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on the 380 nurses who worked in public hospitals of Ardebil and Khalkhal cities, in 2017. Job satisfaction was assessed via Whiskey and Chrome occupational satisfaction, and researcher-made questionnaires on the effect of change design on nurses' satisfaction. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.
The findings of this study showed that the mean total score of nurses' satisfaction was 22.14±6.75. Also, the mean total score of satisfaction of the HRP was 22.14±6.75. The moderate satisfaction of the HRP among nurses was 35.62%. Also, HRP could not change job satisfaction in 51.84% of nurses.  The findings of this study indicate that nurses' job satisfaction was moderate and that the implementation of HRP has not been able to improve their satisfaction.

Abstract

The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, ubiquitous and intracellular organism, proposed as an important factor in patients with malignancy and immunodeficiency. Parasite infection has two phases in the clinical course. In the acute phase, in healthy people, only some common and mild clinical signs can be seen. However, in the chronic phase, parasite encysts in the brain of human and animal hosts and can reactivate after medical and immunological issues, which could be fatal. This narrative review discusses T. gondii diagnostic methods that performed routinely in medical and research laboratories and institutes. In this study, the main methods of most cited articles that evaluated T. gondii diagnostic methods were included. Traditional diagnosis methods of T.gondii include serology, animal inoculation, and live- parasite based test. Newly developed tests are polymerase chain reaction-based molecular and imaging methods. Some other methods that performed, e.g., antigen detection in body fluids, toxoplasma skin test, and antigen-specific lymphocyte transformation can be implemented according to the phase of the disease and available facilities.

Skin cancer is the second cause of death in the developed and the third cause in the developing countries. This study aimed to determine the Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of students of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences about skin cancer.
This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 375 of the students of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. The data was collected by a questionnaire consisted of four sections (demographic information Knowledge (22 questions), attitudes (13 questions), and behaviors (7 questions). The highest and the lowest gained scores by the students was 37-0 and one point was granted to each true answer. The attitudes questions were ordered by the 3-points Likert scale that the lowest and the highest gained scores were 13-39, and the range of the behavior score was 0-21. The data were statistically analyzed via SPSS version 19 using descriptive tests, T-Test and analysis of variance.
Our finding showed that 54.7 % of the participants were women and 45.3 % were men. The mean age of the women and men were 22.8±1.77 and 21.94±1.89 respectively. From the Knowledge point of view, 54.8 % was low, 38.4% medium and 4.8 % high. From the attitude point of view, 0.3 % was low, 70.4 medium and 29.3 % high. Also, from the behavior point of view, 41.6% and 58.4 % were low and medium respectively.
According to the results, it is recommended to set-up appropriate schedules in students’ curriculum to recognize and control the common type of cancer in our country. It is hoped that these educations will improve the Knowledge, and in consequence improve the attitude as well as behavior.

Regarding the emergence and increasing of multidrug-resistant strains among Klebsiella pneumoniae nosocomial isolates the therapeutic options for the treatment has been limited. The β-lactamases enzymes are the major defense of gram-negative bacteria against antibiotics. The aim of this study was to the detection of blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM genes among K. pneumoniae strains isolated from patients who admitted to Shahid Beheshti hospital of Babol city, Iran, in 2016.

This study was conducted on 50 samples of K. pneumoniae strains isolated from hospitalized patients. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. The blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction method.

Among studied strains, the prevalence of blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM genes were 24 (49%), 44 (88%), and 36 (72%), respectively. In this study, imipenem and nitrofurantoin were more effective than other antibiotics. Also, 100% of strains were susceptible to imipenem.

The prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes detected in this study implies a great concern for the treatment of multidrug-resistant K. pneumonie. Hence, infection control measures, including antibacterial management and identification of resistant isolates for preventing of nosocomial outbreaks have become highlighted.

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury may affect different biological and functional roles of the liver. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of galantamine as a cholinergic agent on the acute and late phases of IR.

Forty rats were randomly allocated to eight groups (n=5): IR groups were subjected to 90 min ischemia followed by 4 and 24 hours reperfusion to induce acute and late phases of IR, respectively, two groups received pre- or post-treatment dose(s) of galantamine in the acute phase of IR, two groups received pre- or post-treatment dose(s) of galantamine in late phase of IR, and two sham-operated groups. Blood samples were taken, and ALT, AST, ALP, and LDH were measured to evaluate the liver function.

Pre-ischemic treatment with galantamine decreased the levels of ALT, AST, and ALP in the acute phase of IR, unlike the late phase (P-value<0.05). Post-ischemic treatment with galantamine in the acute phase of IR was decreased all enzymes (P-value<0.05). Unlike the latter, treatment with galantamine in the late phase of IR was increased these values.

We concluded that pre- and post-ischemic treatment with galantamine could be ameliorated hepatic IR injury, in the acute phase versus the late phase, which should be further studied in detail.

The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus is the main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite advances in drug management of diabetes, adverse effects of drugs have made scientists look towards hypoglycemic agents of plant origin. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp) has been suggested to help patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This is a review article in which the articles published in Persian and English by means of keywords such as Cinnamon and Medicinal Plants in data bases like SID, PubMed, and Science Direct were searched. Some randomized controlled trials that evaluate the effects of cinnamon on diabetes show conflicting results. The present review summarizes the last known abilities of cinnamon in improving complications of diabetes and constructs the theoretical mechanism by which cinnamon could tackle diabetes.

Evaluating the quality of educational services and the support offered by universities to prepare sport teams, as well as identifying factors affecting the satisfaction of students, play very important role in improving the future performance of universities to enhance the joyful participation of students in sports activities at universities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the satisfaction of university students with educational services and support of sports camps in the eleventh Male Students Sports Olympiad of the Universities of Medical Sciences in 2012.

In this survey research, 330 of 2400 male students who participated in the competitions were randomly selected by Morgan table. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, including demographic information as well as 34 items and 2 open questions with five-point Likert scale (very good, good, moderate or fair, poor, very poor). The validity and reliability of the questionnaire (0.90) were confirmed by the university experts. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics by SPSS 20.

The results of this study revealed that students’ overall satisfaction was at moderate level (3.11±0.79). Students were most satisfied with transportation (3.40 ± 0.93) and least satisfied with medical-health facilities (2.80 ± 1.09) and cultural activities (2.81±0.90).

According to the point that satisfaction of students with sports camps was at moderate level, it is essential to pay more attention to the components with which students were least satisfied to improve the quality of services provided by universities.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the mean platelet volume (MPV) levels in patients with acute appendicitis in comparison with healthy people referring to educational hospitals of Kerman University of Medical Sciences.

This case-control study was conducted on 150 patients (75 cases, 75 controls). The inclusion criteria were aged over 15 years old who had undergone abdominal pain and appendicitis diagnosis. The number of white blood cells, percentage of neutrophils, MPV and C-Reactive Protein were checked. The control group included individuals who were referred for elective surgery after age and gender adaptation with the control group, complete blood count and MPV were checked for them. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS 25.

The results of this study showed that MPV level in the case group was 7.1±1.68 and in the control, the group was 9.8±1.17, which was significantly lower in the case group (P-value=0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of MPV in detecting acute appendicitis were 81% and 87% which were statistically significant.

Overall, the results of this study showed that MPV is considered as an important parameter in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. It is essential that more studies be done to find specific and reliable biomarkers for their use in detecting acute appendicitis.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most commonly encountered diseases in clinical settings and uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the major causative pathogen of UTI. The increase of antibiotic resistance among isolates of E. coli has become a main concern worldwide. The purposes of this study were to determine the phylogenetic background, prevalence and characterize of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and metallo-β-Lactamase produced by E. coli from UTIs.

Two hundred and sixteen E. coli isolates were isolated from UTI. The isolates were screened to determine the phylogenetic background and prevalence of CTX-M-15, PER, VEB, IMP and VIM genes by PCR. The antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was determined by disk diffusion and broth micro-dilution methods. The isolates were screened using a double-disc synergy test.

Phylotyping of isolates revealed that isolates segregated in phylo-groups A (40.74%), B1 (7.87%), B2 (18.05%) and D (33.34%). By disk diffusion test 61.57% of isolates were resistant to cefotaxime, 35.64% to ceftazidime, 26.38% to aztreonam, 16.66% to cefepime and 6.48% to imipenem. Among the studied ESBL isolates, 72.41% isolates were positive for the CTX-M-15 gene. None of the isolates were positive for IMP, VIM, PER and VEB genes.

The ESBL-producing strains were associated with shifts in phylogenetic distribution toward none-B2 phylo-groups and they mainly belonged to A and D groups.

Sleep is one of the most important circadian cyclic processes that play a significant role in the health of individuals. Students are a community of people who are particularly affected by sleep disorders. The aim of this study was to Sleep quality of students during final exams in Ardabil and Khalkhal Universities of Medical Sciences in 2017.

The present study is a cross-sectional study performed on 340 dormitory and non-dormitory students in Ardabil and Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences. The instrument used in this study was Pittsburgh standard sleep quality questionnaire. Sampling was done randomly. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 software.

 The mean and standard deviation of total sleep quality score in the students participating in the study was 7.63±2.53. According to the findings, 10.58% of the participants (36) had no sleep disorders and 89.41% (304) had sleep disorders. Useful sleep with mean and standard deviation of 2.94±0.36 has the highest score among the components of the questionnaire and the lowest score is related to the use of sleep medications (126.2±0.47).

The results of this study show that the sleep quality of students in medical sciences is undesirable and can be an indicator of the job and academic performance of this stratum. Therefore, it is suggested that education and advertising in this field can be effective.

Incorrect and inadequate information is one of the most important obstacles in providing appropriate health care services to injured traffic accidents. The aim of this study was to measure the quality of patient information about the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) 115 Report Form among traffic injured in Mashhad Social Welfare Hospitals.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was comprised of Mashhad social welfare incident cases. The data collection tool was a checklist tailored to the data elements of the EMS 115 care report form. Data collection was carried out in two steps to verify the amount of information documentation and verify the accuracy of the information. To evaluate the findings, the score was less than 50%, 50-90%, and more than 90% was considered as weak, relatively favorable, and desirable, respectively. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics.

The findings showed that the amount of information elements in the EMS 115 form was 83.15%, and the accuracy of the completed information was 99.27%.

Although the degree of completion of the study was in a relatively favorable condition and the accuracy of information was in a favorable situation, but due to the importance of information in timely decision-making and the providing the appropriate treatment plan for patients, measures should be taken to optimize the information.