پژوهشنامه ادبیات داستانی
سال هشتم شماره 2 (تابستان 1398)

Point of view and tone in Neighbor Novel by Ahmed Mahmud has various approaches, although the tone is dominant and friendly. Structure-oriented narrative Gerard Genette has proposed a comprehensive plan for the study of narrative texts and it has proposed three aspects of narrative meaning: time, point of view, and tone in the narrative review. This essay examines the ways of recalling two elements of point of view and tone in Neighbor Novel, based on Gerard's theory of comparative-analytic approach, and it analyzes the narrative approaches of the author to recall the two elements of the view and tone of the research, therefore, the results of the research show that the element of vision in this novel is influenced by the various centers of narration, and the focus of narrative in this novel that is a combination of three types without focal radius, inner focal radius and outer focal radius. The tone of narration also serves to direct the narrator's expression against the characters of the novel and the orientation of the characters against which the author has created a different tone from this perspective, but it keeps with the atmosphere of the novel and the position of the characters. Also, Neighbor Novel, from the point of view of the narrative tone in spatial dimension, is an internal narration, and it has all three types of post-modern narrative, pre-term, and concurrency in the time dimension.

The plot is one of the most important elements of the story. In a story, components such as character and accidents are linked to each other and they have cause and effect relationships that are  based on a well-arranged plot. The story of the Ferdowsi Shahnameh eleven-face battle, despite the use of storytelling techniques and the ways in particular that have been less concerned by  students in this field  justified the need for more recent research.  This study, while quoting from the story of Ferdowsi's Eleventh Faces, seeks to investigate the main factors in the causal chain of events in this story, as well as the plot on which the story of the Eleventh Faces is based. In this regard, by using descriptive and analytical methods and using relative post-cognitive library data, one of the most important causes of events in the Eleven-Story Faces story or pattern of the story are the two aspects of Persian classical pattern and the model of novice literature are examined. The results of this study show that in the storytelling structure of the Eleventh-Faces of Fatehism and Cynicism, the two main causes of this story's events are from the classical Persian literary model and from the modern fictional literary model. The plot plays an important role in the colorful structure of this story.

Reza Ghasemi's Night Orchestra Synchronization is one of the most successful contemporary novels that has won numerous prestigious awards. The representation of contemporary Iranian man’s identity is one of the important aspects of this novel. This research is to examine this aspect of the novel based on Dariush Shayegan's view of identity in the book of The New Enchantment. In this regard, Shayegan first looks at the identity of a contemporary non-Western human being, the product of his confluence with the modern world, is explained, and then, according to his view, the unrecognized identity of the contemporary Iranian man in Night Orchestra Synchronization is analyzed. The research method is descriptive and the results are examined by using content analysis method. The result shows that the experience of identity is mixed in the main characters of this novel that is a negative and it has resulted in a cultural schizophrenia and an existential and cultural eclecticism.

One of the works that has been published in recent years in the form of a philosophical-fantasy, which has attracted many readers, is one of the works by Jostein Gaarder’s Rainbow Secret novel. This novel has written after Sophie world, has a very strong relationship with the reader by utilizing the great experiences of the author. In this regard, the truthfulness element also played a very important role as an influential element. , as the author has succeeded in doing so is  very well. How to achieve this and the relationship with social knowledge, as well as the deep insight of the novel's creator on the culture, history, geography, and beliefs of the audience as important factors in the realm of truth and the expectation of credibility are of particular importance. In this article, using unique author's techniques has been investigated in order to find the crucial element of truthfulness, the effectiveness of each one has been studied separately.

Anthropology is the knowledge of people, their culture and their life history, which have many subcategories. It is necessary to mention the religious anthropology that is one of them. The field of religious anthropology is the belief of different societies about supernatural and their emergence. Magic also forms an important part of the religious belief system. The novel of From Drowning , with its  widespread fame, was written by  Monir Ravanipoor who is one of the great Iranian writers in  the folk tales of Iran that is rooted in the ancient beliefs and the beliefs of  people.  They are the stories of people who inevitably engage in magical behaviors in the face of an unknown metaphysical force. According to research conducted in ancient Iran and primitive religions, these behaviors were divided into two categories: black magic and white magic. The former was despicable and obscene, and the latter acceptable and approved. This article first deals with the definition and characteristics of magical tools consistent with religious anthropology, and then provide the textual evidence. The findings show that various tools such as "magic, spell, salt, spandex" have been used to counter the black magic of magical characters such as "Blue, Boosalame, Disengro, and Majesty" are of the mgical tools such as Magic, Talisman, Salt and Sepand.

Characterization is one of the most important elements in fiction. Characters have a specific role in conveying the theme and story message. The writer views his thoughts and emotions through his character. The novel Yumayat Nayeb fi al-Ariyah is one of the novels in which the presence of the character is very high and the author has used both direct and indirect methods to introduce his characters. In the direct way, Tofigh Hakim has used the method of description and introduction by other characters. The author used two techniques in an indirect way; he described the reader with his novels through behavioral descriptions and through dialogue. This research studies the personality traits using descriptive-analytical method and concluded that indirect characterization is more useful than direct personality and is more frequent than indirect characterization technique of describing actions and applying personality to conversation.