نشریه رشد و یادگیری حرکتی - ورزشی
پیاپی 36 (تابستان 1398)

The aim of the present study was to study the relationship of motive for health and vitality and enjoyment with the level of adherence of female participants to sport for all (Karaj city). The research method was descriptive-correlation and survey and all women (N=650) participating in sport for all in Karaj city in 2016 formed the statistical population of this study. 243 subjects were selected as the sample according to Morgan table. Hong Yong Lin (2010) international sport participation questionnaire and Scanlan (1993) sport commitment questionnaire were used to collect data after their validity and reliability were determined. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between vitality and enjoyment (correlation coefficient R=0.376) as the first priority and motive for health (correlation coefficient R=0.216) as the second priority and adherence. Therefore, given these findings on the effect of sport for all on vitality, enjoyment and physical and mental health, especially in women as one of the pillars of social health, it is recommended that authorities should pay more attention to the priorities of vitality and enjoyment and provide more facilities for them.

The aim of this study was to determine validity and reliability of the Persian version of causes of re-injury worry scale. A final version of this scale in injured athletes was translated and developed based on the feedbacks provided by experts in sport sciences and 195 athletes who had experienced injury were selected by cluster random sampling method. The data were analyzed using inferential statistics (confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach’s alpha and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC)) and descriptive statistics. The findings indicated good fit of the CFA model over the Persian version of this scale. In addition, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and ICC demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and temporal validity of this scale. Proper translation and selecting a heterogeneous sample may have contributed to the good fit of the CFA model.

When an athlete takes maximum advantage of his released degrees of freedom, he is called a motor elite. The aim of this study was to investigate the eliteness by combining speed constraint and explicit, errorless and analogical inference constraints. 21 physical education students (three of them were excluded from this study: 21-3=18) from Kharazmi University voluntarily participated in this study. The participants in three distinct groups (explicit, errorless and analogical inference) participated in four sessions; each season consisted of 20 blocks and each block 6 attempts so eventually they had 480 repetitions in dart throe skill. One-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, paired t test and Wilcoxon test were used to investigate the significance of the hypotheses. The results showed that implicit learning emerged as a result of the combination of the speed constraint and the constraints of all three methods (P≤0.05). Adding speed constraint to other training methods (explicit, errorless and analogical inference) makes them implicit and changes the order of the system in errorless method and increases errors. However, for a certain conclusion, subsequent studies are better using muscle activity registration to consider degrees of freedom as a criterion of eliteness. These results can help skill learners, instructors and especially physical education teachers to adopt efficient teaching methods given their time limits.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of active video games on the learning of dart throwing skill in children with autism spectrum disorder. In this semi-experimental study, 30 children with autism spectrum disorder (level 1) in Ahvaz city were purposively selected and randomly assigned to three equal groups (real practice, virtual practice, and control). Firstly, the dart throwing pretest was performed with 10 real trials. Then, the practice groups practiced for 4 sessions during 2 weeks and 30 trials (3 blocks of 10 trials) per session in the acquisition stage. After the last acquisition session, the posttest was performed by 10 trials and retention test was performed after 24 hours. Finally, the transfer test was performed with the counterbalance manner in both environments for all three groups 30 minutes after the retention test. Data were analyzed by mix analysis of variance and post hoc tests at P≤0.05 using SPSS22 software. The results showed a significant difference between the two practice groups in the acquisition stage (P≤0.01) and the virtual group had better performance than the real group. Also, the results indicated that real and virtual groups had better performance than the control group in the retention and transfer tests, and the virtual group had better progress than the real group in the mean scores of dart throwing. In general, the results showed that active video games improved performance and learning of dart throwing in children with autism spectrum disorder.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Spark activity on growth hormone level and motor skills in 4-7-year-old boys with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. In this quasi-experiments study, 20 children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method from kindergartens of districts 2 and 5 of Tehran city. Then, subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: control (n=10) and experimental (n=10). The experimental group received Spark activity for 24 sessions and the control group performed their daily activities during this period. Blood samples were collected from the subjects before and after the intervention to measure the amount of growth hormone. Bruininks-Oseretsky test was used to assess motor skills. Data were analyzed using paired t test and covariance at a significance level of P<0.05. There was a significant difference between experimental and control groups in the scores of fine and gross motor skills, which were higher in the experimental group than in the control group (P=0.001). There were no significant differences in growth hormone level between the two groups (P=0.399). Based on these results, it can be concluded that one period of Spark activity can play an effective role in improving motor skills and this improvement is not associated with the level of growth hormone.

Reaching and grasping is one of the most basic fundamental skills. The aim of this study was to address the differences of movement variability and movement smoothness in reaching and grasping in children and adults. 60 children (age range: 8-13 years old) were divided into 6 groups. The task used in the study included reaching and grasping a cube with the dimension of 3.6 cm
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which provided the palmar grasp for all children. Subjects had to grasp the cube with their dominant hands and brought it near their mouth. In addition, a group of adults participated in this study (age range: 24+1.2). Participants performed 10 trials and kinematic variables including mean squared jerk, dimensionless jerk, range of motion of elbow joint, and variability in coordination pattern were calculated. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data in each variable. The results showed that the 13-year-old group was significantly different than adult group in the mean squared jerk and dimensionless jerk. It was observed that 8- and 9-year-old groups had significant differences with other groups in range of motion of elbow joint and variability in coordination pattern; however, there was no differences among other groups. Overall, the results showed that the growth process of reaching and grasping is not limited to the early childhood. These results were interpreted according to the development of motor control and asynchronous acquisition of kinematic variables in the process of movement skill learning.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on working memory in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest and posttest and retention with experimental and control groups. The research population consisted of children (age: 7-11 years old) in Urmia city in 2018. 16 children with DCD were selected as the sample with convenience sampling method and based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and then were randomly divided into two groups: experimental (n=8) and control (n=8). The experimental group received 10 sessions (each session 10 minutes) of tDCS on f4 and f3 brain zones with 0.75 mA circuitry. The control group received 10 sessions of sham circuitry for 20 seconds, then the circuity was cut off, but they were not informed of this sham circuity. The data of working memory were collected using N-BACK test. The analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to test the research hypothesis (P=0.05). The results showed that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) had a significant effect on the enhancement of working memory and the effect would continue to the retention phase (P=0.05). This approach can be used to improve working memory in children with DCD.