نشریه بررسی های آمار رسمی ایران
سال بیست و نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 92، بهار و تابستان 1397)

Following the complex economic and technological changes after the industrial revolution, there was a dramatic change in the size of the cities and the proportion of the population living there which has led to socio-economic damage and adverse environmental impacts, including destruction and alteration of agricultural land use, pollution of air, water and soil. In the meantime, the physical development and population growth in the cities of Iran has been very rapid, so that in recent decades, the growth and expansion of cities has become a problem and the importance of paying attention to urban issues, especially its physical issues, has become important in the context of scientific frameworks. In this regard, the present study, with descriptive-analytic method, tries to answer this question that during the last half century, has the physical growth of the city of Shahroud been in order to the needs of population? The information gathered through documents, analyzed using the Holdern model. The result from the Holdern model states that over the past 55 years, about 48% of the city's physical growth has been related to population growth and 52% of city's physical growth has been related to city's uneven growth. Therefore, in order to cope with the unnecessary growth of the city of Shahrud and preventing its irreparable consequences, there must be policies that can lead to sustainable urban development through proper planning and management.

The base for hydrology studies is accurate data. However, the gaps and shortage of sufficient data exist n the most hydrology data such as  underground water data as the most important and cheapest water source,  lack of  data  take places due to various reasons such as Inability to measure and faille to register statistics. Missing data or incorrect statistics, Therefore, estimating the missing data is necessary which depending on the conditions of each station may demand a specific method to yield the best solution. In this article regression methods were applied in restoring underground water contour of piezometer stations of Lorestan province. In this regards, after deliberate deletion of about 15% the monthly observation data for four consecutive years in 22 piezometer stations in Alashtar of Lorestan province, their values are estimated and assessed them through RMSE and percentage of relative deviation of mean module. Finally, the obtained results are show that the simple linear regression method outperforms other methods.

The problem of poverty can not be considered without paying care to the topic of income distribution. In fact, the concept of poverty refers to the lowest class in the distribution of income, and inequality in the income distribution is related to all stages of society. Based on the income distributions that are unfairly priced, many indices have been developed to measure the size of inequality in the economy (wroth income distribution). The Lorenz curve is an important tool for measuring the income inequality. One method of estimating the Lorenz curve is to use a parametric form of Lorenz curve on the data. In this paper, we introduce some parameters of Lorenz curves and introduced the popular parametric models to the Iranian income and expenditure data to year 1395 and choose the best model. Finally, we calculate the quantile function corresponding to the introduced models.

In sample surveys, we always deal with two types of errors: Sampling error and non-sampling error. One of the most common non-sampling errors is nonresponse. This error happens when some sample units are not observed or viewed but they do not answer some of the questions. The complete prevention of this error is not possible, but it can be significantly reduced. The non-response causes bias and inflation of variance of estimators, so it reduces the precision of survey statistics. There are two types of non-response, unit non-response and item nonresponse. Different methods have been introduced for adjusting the effect of each of them. Weighting adjustment and imputation are two ways of adjusting the nonresponse effect of collecting data. A weighting is used to adjust the unit non-response effect and imputation is applied to adjust the item non-response effect. There are several designs that can be used to sample them. The proposed sampling design in this paper is a stratified two-phase sampling scheme that has been categorized as non-response. The purpose is estimating variance of the sample mean estimator in this sampling design by using the Jackknife estimation variance method. also in a simulation study, jackknife variance estimators for two estimators of the introduced four estimators (third and fourth) are calculated and compared based on relative efficiency and coefficients of variation. The data set used in this simulation study is data from Household Income and Expenditure survey conducted by statistical center of Iran in 1394.

The spatial distribution of cities, as well as their management in Iran, has not taken place within the framework of a national program. Hence, the problems caused by the rapid extend of urbanization have complex dimensions. The present study using analysis of census data seeks to show the status and changes of urbanization in Iran. The results show that the urban population of the country has reached to 74 percent, and the number of cities in the country has become more than 6 times. The findings also indicated that more than 50% of the country’s urban dwellers reside in relatively small towns of less than 10,000 inhabitants. Close to one fourth of the population of the country are living in large cities. Policies should focus on strengthening urban planning to achieve sustainable urban development with the goal of providing prosperity for all people in urban areas.

In the recent decades, one of the demographic changes that has been taking place in most of the world countries, including Iran, is the phenomenon of females as a head of household, which has been increasing for various reasons. In 1390, 12.1 percent of Iranian households had a female head, which has been increased to 12.7 percent in 1395. Current research, by using a secondary analysis of census data (1395), is a comparative study of the demographic, economic and social characteristics of men and women heads of households in the whole country of Iran in different parts of urban and rural areas. The findings indicate that the highest proportion of female heads links with urban areas (12.74%) and the highest proportion of male heads is related to rural areas (87.77%). The study shows that male heeds in middle age groups have the highest frequency; in contrast to women, the burden of household care has decreased among men by aging (age groups of 75 and older). Moreover, more than 40 percent of female heads of household are also in charge of themselves and they are living alone, while this ratio is lower for men. More than 70 percent of male heads of household are employed, whereas this ratio is 12 percent for women. Besides, the literacy ratio of female heads is lower than males. Findings of the research show that the level of employment and low level of literacy of the female households can affect the life quality of these households; furthermore, it is important for policy makers and decision makers to plan properly and timely to deal with the condition of these households.