نشریه معرفت فرهنگی اجتماعی
سال دهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 39، تابستان 1398)

No interpretative theory can be realized without presupposing what the text is, and the field of interpretation of social phenomena is not an exception. According to Allameh Tabatabai’s theory of credit, the social context is: “the identity of credit created for the reciprocal employment of other human beings”. With regard to the characteristics of social credentials, the social text is not linguistic and is not subject to the rules of interpretation of the linguistic text, but rather, linguistic text is one of the types of social text and is subject to the general rules of social text interpretation. Social context is contextual and has a temporal and spatial context. The social context is structured and in essence has logical requirements that are independent of the will of the actor. Finally, the social context is focused on the purpose. Based on these features, the broad lines of social text interpretation are: independence of interpretive rules from linguistic text, defining the starting point, interpretation of social text to social text, and the necessity of teleological analysis. The method of this research is analytical.

Culture, in its modern sense, gradually entered Iran, and with the changes that the term found in the West, different perceptions of it became commonplace in Iran. Most conceptions, when it came to popular culture, gradually acclimated to an indigenous conception of it, and at the same time a place for it in the administrative system was defined, but at the elite level these perceptions have sometimes been the source of conflict. This article, which is mainly descriptive, deals with six concepts of culture in Iran: public and modern education, human achievements, cultural heritage, art, Islam and Western culture, and describes each. Finally, these six views have been evaluated and, with some evidence, two recent views of culture have been introduced as the main and influential ones in today's Iran.

Observing the population in Iran, and its ups and downs, and the process of population growth by implementing family planning policy at a time in the country's history, and abandoning the policy after a while, the Islamic community faced the problem of a sharp decline in fertility and an aging population. This approach to population decline was changed by the announcement of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the supreme leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in 2012 and became a discourse on population growth. Since then, this policy has not been properly considered by the authorities. Despite the negative consequences of declining fertility and population, Iran appears to be in a great turn and a golden opportunity for a demographic window; the chance that many countries around the world are hoping that if properly managed, many threats to the population will be eliminated. This paper using analytical and documentary method, deals with the statistical analysis of the demographic changes in Iran, exploring the implications of diminishing concentration, referring to the golden opportunity of the demographic window. Research findings suggest that in a well-managed demographic window, the threat of population decline can be transformed into an opportunity to improve the quality of human capital, increase the supply of labor, increase savings and investment of people, reduce poverty and manage age fluctuations in production and consumption.

The political life style is: "The ways of dealing with the most important tasks in order to achieve the goals of the political life". Imam Khomeini is a contemporary charismatic character who is a moralist and a style owner, and his remarkable effort to bring about the Islamic Revolution and its leadership has provided a suitable basis for examining his political lifestyle. Considering the formation of style from its unique foundations as well as the important role of anthropology in drawing political life style, the main issue of this research is to study the most important anthropological foundations of Imam Khomeini and their impact on his political life style. This descriptive-analytic study investigates the works left by Imam Khomeini. Research findings show that in the political lifestyle of Imam Khomeini, ways of dealing with political tasks - such as promoting justice, combating cruelty, increasing insight into the illegitimacy of the Pahlavi system, etc. - rely on the basics of anthropology, such as the divine nature of man, the limitlessness of man in terms of the emergence of perfection, the power of man to determine the fate and priority of the Hereafter's life over worldly life.

The historical question about the relation between will and knowledge is whether will and ultimately action is subject to knowledge or science or is it the will that organizes knowledge? Continuing this question, in organizing a social theory in general, and Peter Berger and Thomas Lockman's theory of social reality in particular, to what extent does the will play a role in the formation of knowledge? The dual creation of the will to knowledge perception and the will to the creation of knowledge help us by analyzing and outlining the basic concepts of Berger's social theory to show how is the relation of will and knowledge in each of the concepts of this theory. In some concepts, neither the will to perception nor the will to knowledge is related. Like face-to-face position. In some concepts, there is both the will to create knowledge and the will to perceive knowledge, such as typification. In some concepts, at first there is the will to create knowledge, but eventually, the will becomes to the perception of knowledge; like tradition and institutionalization. This article shows how much of a will is influenced by a theory of knowledge. This study utilizes a rational analysis method and is arranged by reviewing library documents.

Ethnography is one of the methods of qualitative research that has gained popularity over the past years. This article has been used in various fields of human research because of the extensive information it provides about its study environment. The impact has been so considerable that some scholars have cited ethnography as a measure of the qualitative approach of research. This type of research is based on being in the real environment of the research and communicating very closely with the research environment. In this study, ethnography studies one of the primary schools in a Kenyan village called Uriri, and refers to the ethnography of classes, teachers and students of the school. The results of this study indicate that Kenya's elementary schools are formed based on the close relationship between teacher and student and in traditional classrooms without modern media tools. In the meantime, the school and its ruling culture are strongly influenced by the social conditions and culture of the community and have their own influence either, and there is a profound twist between the school culture and the culture of the surrounding community; in such a way that the amount of wealth, poverty, problems, delinquency, crime, demand or lack of demand for schooling in the community and families influences the school and culture of students' learning and their relationship with teachers while also affects it.