فصلنامه تحقیقات حشره شناسی
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 41، بهار 1398)

In recent decades, computational methods with regard to accurate validation parameters for the determination of the physical- chemistry properties of compounds have been considered by many researchers and have been used as an economic and environmental alternative to saving time and eliminating high costs.  In this study, the relationship between the logarithmic values of LD50</sub>,) log (LD50</sub>)(molkg-1</sup>) and molecular descriptors has been investigated for 60 types of aniline derivatives(including some herbicides compounds). At first, the structure of the compounds were drawn by Gauss view05 software and optimized using Gaussian 09 software with B3LYP/6-311++G** method, and then were extracted molecular descriptors. Then inappropriate descriptors were eliminated by genetic algorithm method and the best ones were used for multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural networks (ANN) models. The results showed that the ANN method with the lowest error and the highest coefficient of determination was higher than the MLR method to predicting the log(LD50</sub>)(molkg-1</sup>) of studied aniline derivatives.

The green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea</em> Stephens (Neo., Chrysopidae) is one of most important predators of aphids, mealybugs, thrips and whiteflies. Moreover, fed on egg, young larvae and pupa of lepidopterons and mites but when chemical treatment on various insect pests, the green lacewing is also influenced by different agricultural pesticides. In current study, lethal effects of three insecticides; clothianidin, tebufenozide and flupyradifurone on egg, 2nd</sup> and 3rd</sup> instar larvae and pupae of green lacewing, C. carnea</em> were evaluated. Bioassay of egg and pupa of green lacewing with dipping method but 2nd</sup> and 3rd</sup> instar larvae with contact method were carried out. All experiments were conducted at controllable conditions of 25±1 °C, 65±5 % and a photoperiod 16: 8 h (L: D). The results revealed that LC50</sub> of clothianidin, tebufenozide and flupyradifurone on egg were 23.41, 1048.95 and 774.95 mg/lit; on 2nd</sup> instar larvae were 12.47, 476.64 and 761.78 mg/lit; on 3rd</sup> instar larvae were 23.47, 490.35 and 855.09 mg/lit and on pupal stage were 37.41, 1401.95 and 796.82 mg/lit. Therefore, in all stages the highest sensitivity was due to clothianidin insecticide while the lowest sensitivity in egg and pupa stages associated to tebufenozide but in 2nd</sup> and 3rd</sup> instar larvae were related to flupyradifurone. Thus, based on results of this study, conclude that from insecticides tebufenozide and flupyradifurone can be utilized in program of IPM under application green lacewing.

The organophosphate pesticides are considered as dangerous chemical pesticides for human health. The possibility of absorbing these toxins through the skin is accessible to many researchers who have been studying the toxicity of organophosphate compounds. Experimental methods are time-consuming and high cost, and they come with a lot of dangers. Quantitative structure activity/property relationship studies provide the capability to access data, information and physico-chemical properties of chemical compounds, using the methods and modeling.  In this study, the multiple regression linear method and the artificial neural network with multi-layer perceptron (MLP) model were used to investigate the quantitative relationship of LD50 </sub>(mgkg-1</sup>) toxicity index with some molecular descriptors of some organophosphate compounds.  Investigation of correlation coefficients and root mean square errors values of final models in this study showed that ANN method using the MLP model was higher than the MLR method for prediction of LD50</sub>(mgkg-1</sup>) of organophosphates compounds.

The Indean Meal Moth, Plodia interpunctella</em> (Hubner) (Lep.: Pyralidae) is one of the most important agricultural stored pest. In this research, the repellency effect of essential oil, extract and powder of seed of Asafoetida (Ferula</em> asafetida</em>L.) on fourth instar larvae and adult of P. interpunctella</em> was investigated. For determine the repellency of larvae a Y sheped tube and for adults a straight tube connected to two  glass jar was used. The essential oil and extract were used at concentrations, 80, 160, 320 and 640 μl/l air and powder was used at concentrations, 4, 8, 16 and 32 g/l air. The result showed that the essential oil at the lowest concentration on larva and adults of P. interpunctella</em>, was not effective and at the highest concentration on larva and adults, had 73.33 and 70.00% repellency, respectively. At low concentration, the extract was not effective for larva, but for adults had 56.67%, repellency. Plant extract at the highest concentration had 40.00 and 96.67% repellency, for larva and adults, respectively. Then the effect of extract was better on adults than larva. Powder of Asafoetida at the lowest concentration had 16.67 and 36.67% repellency, for larvae and adults, respectively, and at the highest concentration had 70.00 and 86.67% repellency, for larvae and adults, respectively, and its effect was better on adults than larva. The results showed that the essential oil, extract and powder of seed of Asafoetida, can be used for decrease the population density of P. interpunctella </em>in stored products.

The cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi</em> L. (Dip.: Tephritidae) is the most important pest of the cherry and sour cherry orchards with noticeable annual yield damage. This research was conducted in two 4.5 hectare cherry orchards located at two parts of Isfahan province (Najafabad and Khomeinishahr), Iran. A comparison was done among different types of the fly attractants presented in different traps to find the most effective one in capturing the adults of cherry fruit fly and the peak of flight activity. The treatments were including the two food based traps containing hydrolyzed protein solution and Ammonium bi-carbonate presented in 1.5 L. plastic bottle and McPhall trap respectively. The Rebell traps with no attractant and two pheromones prepared from Green Universe and Russel companies were provided in delta traps. Results showed that in the first location (Najafabad) the highest number of flies with the mean of 28.75/trap were attracted to Rebell trap and the lowest with the mean of 0.5/trap in Russell pheromone trap. In the second location (Khomeinishahr), the Rebell traps were also the most attractive (mean=15.25/trap) and the hydrolyzed protein solution with no capture was the least effective attractant. It is concluded that the Rebell traps can be recommended as a part of IPM for cherry fruit fly.

Through identifying the role of natural enemies in pest control and developing their application, it is expected that particular attention will be paid to the adverse effects of pesticides on natural enemies, especially removal or reduction of their activities. Among all the popular natural enemies in the world, Trichogramma</em> bees bears a special importance in terms of efficiency, mass production technology, application scope, adaptability in different climates, and the ability to grow on the intermediate host. This paper tends to investigate the effects of different doses of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm of pesticides including inodxacarb, thiodicarb and a combination of both on mortality of Trichogramma brassicae</em> Bezdenko, in laboratory conditions (25±1°C, 70±10% relative humidity and 16L:8D). Results showed that each of pesticides and combination of both, compared with the control (water), caused a significant increase in mortality and, with increasing doses, their lethal effects became more severe. Regarding this, indoxacarb pesticide had the least amount of mortality, which in this regard, had a significant difference with the other two treatments. At the highest concentration for 24, 48, and 72 hours after exposure, mortality rate was calculated as 29.6, 30, 55.56% for indoxacarb, 33.33, 81.48 and 96.30 % for thiodicarb, and 56.67, 96.3, and 100% for combination of both pesticides, respectively. Comparison of the mortalities of two insecticides and combination of both showed that there was no significant difference between the mortality rates of the combination of indoxacarb+thiodicarb and the sole use of thidiocarb. However, indoxacarb showed significant difference. According to the results, inodexacarb has the lowest mortality rate in the direct application on T. brassicae</em>.

The Chrysididae are a large, cosmopolitan and diverse family of wasps commonly known as cuckoo wasps or gold wasps that consists of over 3000 known species in 84 genera and many more to be discovered. In this study, the tribe Elampini (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) was studied in the Fars Province of Iran during 2013-2017. The specimens were collected using a standard Malaise trap from different vegetation at different places (i.e. Fasa, Lasrestan, Shiraz and Jahrom) in southern part of Fars province. The collected specimens dried, pinned, labeled, and put into collection boxes, subsequently. Eighteen species belonging to 9 genera (i.e. Colpopyga</em> Semenov, 1954, Elampus</em> Spinola, 1806, Haba</em> Semenov, 1954, Hedychridium</em> Abeille de Perrin, 1878, Hedychrum</em> Latreille, 1802, Holopyga</em> Dahlbom, 1845, Omalus</em> Panzer, 1801, Philoctetes</em> Abeille de Perrin, 1879, Pseudomalus</em> Ashmead, 1902) were collected and identified. Three species: Haba colonialis</em> (Mocsáry, 1911), Hedychridium hofferi</em> Balthasar, 1953 and Holopyga inaurata</em> Mocsáry, 1914 are new records for Iranian insect fauna. The total number of Iranian Elampini now increased to 98 species and subspecies in 10 genera.