فصلنامه اعتیاد پژوهی
پیاپی 52 (تابستان 1398)

Medicalization of society means the penetration and spread of medical discourse to subjects and areas of the community that was previously available to other discourses and different types of knowledge. Drug addiction, as a multidimensional social phenomenon, gradually emerged from the social sphere and was dominated by medical discourse. This research tries to identify, on the one hand, the most important appearances of the medicalization of addiction and, on the other hand, to identify the social contexts that have created this condition.
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The method of this study is analysis of content and sampling is based on purpose sampling of the type of maximum variation. Sampling continued to reach the theoretical saturation. The analysis of the content of the interviews was done by Strauss and Corbin’s three-steps coding process (open, pivotal and selective coding).

Findings show “medical orbital” is core central of the medicalization of addiction which has three main categories: “sicken-assumption of addiction”, “drug therapy”, and medical-based treatment”. Also, central core of the social contexts of medicalization of addiction is “medicalization of society” which has three main categories: “Commercialization of treatment”, “culture of sickness-assumption of addiction”, and “master-medic”.

As a result, it can be argued that medicine, as the dominant discourse in today's Iranian society, has affected most of the constituencies. And major social issues, including addiction, have been moved from the field of social analysis to the realm of medicine and other individualist sciences.

The purpose of this study was to determine the social and addictive trauma of addicts in Tehran.

The research used descriptive-analytical method and the method of data gathering was in-depth interviews with addicts.

Addiction as a social problem in Tehran is often at the individual level and its causes are not social but rather at the individual, family and friends level. Addiction in the metropolis of Tehran has had most of its effects in the areas of welfare and crime and its effects have been less pronounced in the field of structural damage. In the institutional and organizational contexts, the performance of the Semnas has been better than that of the government service organizations and their efficiency at all levels of prevention and treatment has improved. Relative satisfaction of addicted users of Semnan services in Tehran was much higher than governmental agencies and organizations. The solution to overcoming societal trauma of addiction is to educate and inform more accurately.

The social problems related to addiction in Tehran metropolis were more in line with the indicators of three theoretical approaches to social harm, social behavioral bias, and social conflict. By studying the case studies of these three approaches in the experiences of countries around the world, one can provide appropriate scientific strategies and strategies for overcoming the social problems of addiction in the country and especially in Tehran.

The Spread of a New Trend in Drugs Advertisement in the Recent Years Has Caused a Hike in Addiction among Women in High-Risk Cases Such as Hallucinogenic and Stimulating Drugs. Distribution and Advertisement for Synthetic Drugs in Beauty Salons and Gyms Have Been Implicated in This Hike. With the Aim of Investigating This Claim, the Present Research Has Engaged in the Qualitative Study of This Phenomenon in Beauty Salons and Gyms.

This Research Has Been Performed with a Qualitative Approach and Using Collaborative Observation and Deep and Semi-Structured Interview with 42 Women Who Are Referred to as Clients, Visitors, and Hosts. To Analyses the Data, the Grounded Theory Technique and the Theoretical Encryption Method Have Been Utilized.

The Prevalence of Masculine Norms, Social Stress, a Body-Conscious View, Gender Sociability, Social Inferiority, and Influence from Social Media as the Ideal Image; Using One’s Body as a Tool and Gaining a Feminine Identity as the Prerequisite Conditions; Female Gatherings and a Thriving Market as the Interfering Conditions; Underestimating the Drugs, the Ease of Use, Excessive Use and Abuse of Drugs as the Strategies; and the Aggravation and Alteration of the Models of Drug Use, Rejection and Discredit and Guilt as the Repercussion Aspect are Significant.

In Many Cases the Recreational Use of Drugs leads to the Permanent Use of Drugs. The Prescription of Drugs in Beauty Salons and the Sale of Fitness and Weight Loss Supplements in Sports Gyms May Increase This Risk. Therefore, the Exposure to Drug Use Through Female Environments as the Core of This Research Must Be Considered as an Emerging Phenomenon by the Policymakers in the Combat and Prevention Authority.

The purpose of this article is to assess the contribution of the social dimension of subjective well-being to different prevention approaches and programs of substance abuse among adolescents. First, using the survey, the social dimensions of  subjective well-being and attitudes toward the drugs were measured among 670 normal, high-risk and addicted students in Tehran. Then, using a qualitative study of document analysis, the contribution of social dimension of subjective well-being that were effective in the positive attitude toward drug use were studied in the prevention approaches and  interventions of substance abuse among adolescents. Findings indicate that the most attention is paid to social integration and the least attention to social justice. The systematic approach was ranked first in terms of attention to these dimensions, and then the approach of social influence, social approach, competence-enhancing approach, emotional development approach and awareness-raising approach were ranked. Most attention was paid to social acceptance followed by social integration, social participation and, to a lesser extent, social flourishing. Unfortunately, the components of social justice and social security have not been placed anywhere between programs and interventions.

A variety of (deliberate or inaccurate) errors in drug rehabilitation clinics may occur  due to use of addictive drugs. Automated drug distribution systems play a significant role in reducing drug medication errors.

Firstly, according to the addiction rehabilitation centers requests, the design and construction of the device was performed. The prototype systems were examined and tested in several centers. Finally, the results of the final sample performance were analyzed using statistical methods.

The results of quantitative measurements (in multi-center and multi-device) indicate that the mean and standard deviation of the error of the machine is 0.232 ± 0.055 mL and the relative error is 1.33 ± 0.58 percent.

In this article, we described the principles of operation, reliability and accuracy of a methadone syrup dispenser system. The results show that this device can be effective in reducing medication errors in the field of addiction management especially in drug rehabilitation centers.

One of the important and effective factors in the outcomes of substance dependence treatment is the high prevalence of simultaneous occurrence and comorbidity of known psychiatric disorders, especially antisocial personality disorder, with substance dependence disorder. Antisocial personality disorder is one of the most prevalent axis 2 mental disorders among individuals with substance addiction. The present research was conducted by the aim of comparing the effectiveness of group psychotherapy by schema therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy approaches on symptoms of antisocial personality disorder among addicts residing in treatment camps.

In the frame of a semi-experimental study conducted by pretest-posttest-follow up with control group design, among the addicts residing in two addiction treatment camps in Gonbad-e-Kavoos city in the first half of 2018, a sample of 30 subjects were selected by purposeful sampling method and, then, they were assigned into two experiment groups and one control group (10 subjects per group) by random assignment method. For gathering the data, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III) was used which was completed by the subjects of all the three groups in pretest, posttest, and one-month follow up stages. The first the second experiment groups respectively received schema therapy and the acceptance and commitment therapy in twelve 1.5-hour sessions in groups and with a sequence of one session per week, while the subjects of the control group didn’t receive any intervention until the follow up stage. The research data were analyzed through multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSSv25.

Findings of the research indicated that both therapy interventions were effective on reducing symptoms of antisocial personality disorder in the end of the treatment and after one-month follow up. Also, the effectiveness level of schema therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy was different in the end of the treatment and after one-month follow up. Schema therapy was more effective in reducing symptoms of antisocial personality disorder than acceptance and commitment therapy (P < 0.01).

Results of the present research confirmed the effectiveness of schema therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy approaches on reducing symptoms of antisocial personality disorder. Results highlight the importance of adopting these interventions for psychological symptoms among addicts and providing new perspectives in clinical interventions

The aim of the study was to comparing the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation, mindfulness-based substance abuse treatment and combined therapy of these two methods on emotion dysregulation in adolescents with Substance use disorders.

The present study is a quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Eighty adolescents (18-21 age) with substance abuse disorders were selected from adolescent camps under the supervision of the Ardabil Welfare Organization in 2018 according to including and excluding criteria and were selected and randomly divided into four groups: of transcranial direct current stimulation  (n=20), mindfulness-based substance abuse treatment (n=20), combination therapy (n=20)  and control group (n=20). The instruments used were Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Data analysis was performed using mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures in SPSS 22.

Results showed that all interventions (i.e., tDCS, MBSAT, Combination therapy) were significantly different compared to the control group. However, combination therapy had a larger effect size to reduced emotion dysregulation in adolescents with Substance use disorders (p<./05).          

Combined effects affirm that tDCS has more beneficial and durable therapeutic effects when combined with psychological interventions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of cognitive and executive functions of the brain, positive and negative affect and Cognitive emotion regulation tendency to substance use in students. The method of this research was correlational and statistical population of all bachelor and masters students studying in the academic year 1396-1397. Among these students, samples of 200 persons were selected by available sampling method and filled out addiction tendency questionnaire, Weed and Butcher, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule of Watson and Tellegen, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire Garnefski and Wisconsin card sorting test. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis using software. The results of this study showed that there was a significant negative correlation between positive affective companents, refocus on planning, positive reappraisal, number of classes, positive re-focusing and addiction preparation. There was a significant positive correlation between negative affective components, catastrophizing, other-blame, inclining and addiction preparation. However, there was no significant relationship between the components of self-blame, acceptance, rumination, putting into perspective and addiction preparation. The results of multiple regression showed that negative affective companents, refocusing on planning and other- blame, predicted students` tendency to substance use. The results of this study showed that cognitive functions of the brain, positive and negative affect and Cognitive emotion regulation are effective tendency to substance use in students.

The theory of mind ability underlies the human ability to make complex social interactions. In this study, differences in the theory of mind ability of people with substance dependence and a normal group, and the effect of group training of this ability on addicted people were assessed. In this research, causal-comparative and semi experimental with a pretest and posttest method with a control group were used.For this purpose, 36 male subjects who referred for outpatient addiction treatment center and 36 healthy male people were selected and Baron- Chohen’s Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test was administrated in both groups. The group of drug dependence was divided into two groups of 18 people as experimental and control groups. For experimental group, group training sessions were conducted in 24 sessions. Ultimately, test of mind reading was administered as post-test to both groups. Data were analyzed by t-test and one-way analysis of covariance. Data analysis showed that both healthy and dependent groups had significant differences in theory of mind (P <0/05). Moreover, after theory of mind training implementation, along with other current treatments, experimental group scores differed significantly from the control group (P <0/05). The study indicated that the group training increased the theory of mind scores, so, this kind of training could be the part of therapy of individuals with a substance abuse disorders.The theory of mind ability underlies the human ability to make complex social interactions. In this study, differences in the theory of mind ability of people with substance dependence and a normal group, and the effect of group training of this ability on addicted people were assessed. In this research, causal-comparative and semi experimental with a pretest and posttest method with a control group were used.  For this purpose, 36 male subjects who referred for outpatient addiction treatment center and 36 healthy male people were selected and Baron- Chohen’s Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test was administrated in both groups. The group of drug dependence was divided into two groups of 18 people as experimental and control groups. For experimental group, group training sessions were conducted in 24 sessions. Ultimately, test of mind reading was administered as post-test to both groups. Data were analyzed by t-test and one-way analysis of covariance. Data analysis showed that both healthy and dependent groups had significant differences in theory of mind (P <0/05). Moreover, after theory of mind training implementation, along with other current treatments, experimental group scores differed significantly from the control group (P <0/05). The study indicated that the group training increased the theory of mind scores, so, this kind of training could be the part of therapy of individuals with a substance abuse disorders.

The purpose of this study was to compare the interpersonal problems, somatization and social acceptance in high and low tendency to substance dependence in students. The method of this research is causal-comparative. The statistical population is 300 students of Tehran University of Applied Sciences. The sample size in this study is 300 students. The conditions for entry into student sampling, as well as the ability to answer the questions, are presented by the researcher and not any disorder. For sampling, the cluster-random method has been used in the present research. The research tool Interpersonal Problems Questionnaire, Physical Recognition Questionnaire, Crown and Marlow Social Compliance Scale and addiction tendency questionnaire. The collected data were first described using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, ...) and multivariate analysis of variance analysis (MANOVA) and Bonferrin test. To answer the research hypotheses, using SPSS software Became The results showed that interpersonal problems, physicalization in high-tendency students are higher than those with low drug dependency and social acceptance in high-tendency students than those with low drug dependence

The explanation of the structural relationships of the decision making styles on the preparation of addiction in the student's academic period is considered by considering the role of the mediating role of the cognitive management strategy of excitement.  

The present study is based on the purpose of the application, and in terms of data collection method, The statistical population of the new entrance students was Tehran University. Using multistage cluster sampling, 610 students were selected. The instruments used included questionnaire of decision making styles (DMSQ), cognitive emotion regulation (CERQ) and addiction preparedness. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling (method of partial least square). Measurement model (Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity) and structural model (significant coefficients, factor loadings and the coefficients of determination) were evaluated.

The cognitive strategy of excitement suggests reducing addiction; but decision-making styles have led to a reduction in cognitive management of student excitement, resulting in an increase in addiction.

This study focuses on the importance of development of cognitive emotion management, which can be considered as an effective strategy in the perilous and academic periods.

The aim of this study is to investigate the self-abusive behaviors, emotional distress tolerance and irrational beliefs in among opiate and provocative drugs addicts.

In this comparative causative study, the statistical population included all the addicted people who are recovering including 51 opiate drugs addict and 51 provocative drugs addict at Gorgan in 2018 were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Participants were asked to respond to the questionnaires of Mohammadian Self-Horizons Behaviors (2009), Jones's Irrational Belief Test (IBT), and Emotional Distress Tolerance Questionnaire (DTS). Data were analyzed using Analysis (MANOVA).

The results of this test indicate that there is a significant difference in the level of irrational beliefs and tolerance of emotional distress and general self-efficacy behaviors in the two groups in the recovering and addicted men (P <0.001).

According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that incompatible beliefs and uncontrolled emotions in the group of provocative drugs addict are more than opiate drugs addict, and irrational beliefs play an important role in the selection and continuation of maladaptive coping mechanisms and ultimately recurrence.

The aim of this study was to investigate the transdiagnosistic processes of reinforcement sensitivity and attachment styles in patients with addiction and binge eating disorder.  The present study was describes causal comparison, the statistical population included all people with binge eating disorder who referred to counseling centers as well as all individuals with addiction of counseling centers and Narcotics Anonymous in Arak city in the second half of 1395. Among them three groups of 32 individuals, including patients with bulimia, drug addiction and normal were selected through purposive sampling method and with respect to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Adult attachment scale, short form of the Persian version cognitive emotion regulation scale, overeating scales beside Jacsons's five-factor Inventory were applied to collect data. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics including ANOVA and Tukey. The results of data analysis indicated that groups with overeating and addiction in activation and freezing system, blame maladaptive strategies and rumination, adapted strategies of acceptance and reevaluation of secure and insecure attachment styles are not significantly different from each other. Behavioral activation system, cognitive emotion regulation strategies of self blame, rumination, acceptance and reevaluation also secure and insecure attachment styles are transdiagnosis processes in addiction and binge eating disorders which have critical roles in the creation and persistence of the disorder.

The aim of this study was investigate the role of mediator emotional-behavioral problems in relation to the perception of inter-parental conflict and attitude to drug use.

The study is description and Structural Equation Modeling; the population of the study is All high school students of Qods town located in Tehran Province. Sample size is 600 students selected by multistage random sampling. The data were gathered through, perception of inter-parental conflict scale, Youth Self Report Inventory and attitude to drug use scale. In the present study, the criteria for entering the age of 13-17 years and studying in one of the secondary schools of the first or second moderate period and the criteria for the withdrawal of parents' divorce and the death of the father or mother was considered.

The results of structural equation modeling analysis showed the theoretical model of emotional-behavioral problems as a mediator variable in relation to inter-parental conflict and substance abuse from the model was a good fit indices with the data (df/d2χS-B= 2/71, CFI= 0/98 ،GFI=0/94, RMSEA= ،0/049). Also In this model Indirect path between of inter-parental conflict to tend to substance abuse With mediator emotional-behavioral problems significant (t-value= 9/14,β= 0/42) and direct path to conflict between parents tend to use substances not significant Obtained; So it can be said that mediation is a relatively significant. The results obtained from research on trends in drug prevention in schools and related institutions could be fruitful. However, it can be formulated when setting the treatment and therapy, family conflicts and emotional and behavioral problems as a risk factor to be considered and used in clinical interviews.

Present study was conducted to investigate effectiveness of motivational enhancement therapy on addiction potential and stages of change readiness and treatment eagerness of addicts.

The research method was semi-experimental and its design was pretest. The population of the study consisted of male addicts who had presented to Rasht addiction treatment clinics of district 2 in 2019. Among which 80 individuals were recruited by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into the experimental group and wait list control group. The experimental group subjected to 9 sessions of motivational enhancement therapy in comparison with the wait list control group. The Iranian Addiction Potential Scale and The Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale constituted the data collection instruments. Eventually, the data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance.

According to the results, motivational enhancement therapy has significant effect on addiction potential and stages of change readiness and treatment eagerness of addicts (p <0/01).

Considering the results, motivational enhancement therapy can be a beneficial intervention for reducing addiction potential and increasing readiness to quit drug use.