مجله اقتصاد محیط زیست و منابع طبیعی
پیاپی 1 (پاییز 1395)

Households directly and indirectly involved in emission .Their direct role of final energy consumption by themIndirect role in the production process of the energy consumption of goods that are used as intermediate inputs.The main purpose of this paper to measure the carbon dioxide emissions caused by energy consumption of households in Iran. Environmental input-output model developed to assess resolution capability above review is that the imports have taken place.Since the first input-output table built from local pollution&consumption of energy& carbon dioxide resulting from the economic sector &households is calculated separately& the context of the preparation of the data model - expanded output environment is providedBased on the results of the extended input-output modelwe can say that the share of households with CO2 emissions directly against 41% ، Indirectly is equal to 29%&، the share of economic activity in CO2 emissions directly & indirectly 59% versus 71% respectively.

The present study examines the relationship between economic growth, population and volume of foreign trade and air pollution in the two groups of countries member of the OECD and non-OECD countries using panel data for the period 2010-1971 deals. Indicator of air pollution and greenhouse gas CO2in the transport sector and total sector. Kuznets curve for this purpose air pollution in the form of total CO2and CO2 transport sector were examined and compared. For each of these two sectors, 3 different models estimated that a total of 12 models for these two groups of countries studied were estimated. The results showed that the inverted U curve for total CO2emissions and CO2transport sector, in both groups of member countries of the OECD and non-OECD countries Confirmed but the turning point inverted U curve is different for the two groups of countries together. Curve turning point for US $ 51025.43 Group member states and non-member countries was US $ 6707.73, Compared with the average per capita income for both groups of countries shows that these two groups of countries still have not reached the turning point of the curve  but results showed that the tensile member states closer to the back curve.

In investigating economic dimensions of energy consumption, greenhouse gas emission and its environmental effects have taken on considerable importance in recent decades. Among all, households are considered one of the highest energy consumers and greenhouse gas emitters. With respect to the lower level of carbon in natural gas, the use of this gas leads to less emission,compared to other energy conduits. This study investigates changes in emission of different kinds of pollutants resulting from energy and other consumptions of households in 2001 and 2012. To this end, an Input-Output analysis is employed. The results of the research demonstrate that direct and indirect consumption of different kinds of energy conduits in 2012 increased compared with 2001, whichin turn caused an increment in the emissions of different kinds ofpollutants originated from direct and indirect energy consumption of households in 2012 compared with 2001. However, increments in gas delivery have leads the energy consumed by households,as well as the energy used for different household goods and services,to gradually be replaced by cleaner types

In this paper, in order to evaluate the environmental aspect of the status of sustainable development in Iran, a biophysical index, which is called Carbon Footprint, is introduced. This index takes into account of direct and indirect CO2emissions of imports and internal production for the requirements of internal final demand. Moreover, shows the share of Iran’s population on emissions of CO2in frame per capita carbon footprint. According to the report of World Bank (2015), Iran ranks the eighth in the world on the emissions. Therefore, analyzing the national carbon footprint published by economic sectors for the requirements of internal final demand becomes an important issue. The main focus of this paper is to investigate the national carbon footprint published at macro and sectorial levels using domestic Input-Output table of Iran, following two basic questions: One, has the per capita carbon footprint in 1390 compared to 1385decreased? Two, has the national carbon footprint (internal production and imports) in 1390 compared to 1385decreased? In order to quantify the above questions we have used two types of data: One is 1385 and 1390 modified input-output tables and the second is CO2data at different sectors of economy in the same period. The results of the calculations shows, one; per capita carbon footprint in Iran has decreased in 1390 than 1385 which this decreasing is at result of reduction of CO2emissions of imports not reduction of CO2emission of internal production. Two, increasing of CO2emission of internal production "Production, distribution and transmission of electricity” and “transportation” sectors for the requirements of internal final demandin 1390 than 1385.Three, reduction of CO2emissions of imports of “Coke coal and petroleum” and “machinery and equipment” sectors and increase CO2emissions of internal production by them. Altogether, these findings indicate that decrease CO2emissions of imports and increase CO2emissions of internal production in 1390 than 1385.

This paper aims to explore the relationship between the economic growth and the pressure on nature from the environmental sustainability perspective. The pressure on nature is measured by the natural disinvestment component of the Adjusted Net Savings data of the World Bank; which is the sum of energy, mineral, net forest depletions and carbon dioxide damage. Our panel consists of 15 countries and spans the period between 1990 and 2011. We employ a panel Fixed-Effects Instrumental Variable (IV) methodology. Regression analysis reveals that there is a positive relationship between income and pressure on nature in MENA, yet the effect is much stronger in low-income than in high-income countries. We found that increasing trade, all else equal, increases the pressure on nature.

The main objective of this study is investigation the impact of income inequality on quality of environment in Iran in the long-run and short-run. For this purpose, using annual data during the period 1967-2013 and Bayer-Hanck Cointegration approach to examine the impact of income inequality on environmental quality in Iran. The short-run and long-run effects of income inequality, economic growth and energy consumption on CO2emission in the Iran are examined with using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. The results show that more equitable distribution of income cause better environmental quality in the short-run and long-run. It is also the short-run and long run, economic growth has a beneficial effect on environmental quality, whereas energy consumption has a detrimental effect on the environment. Therefore, applying the income distribution improvement policies aside to revise energy sector policies and using the cleaner technologies can be used by policy makers as an instrument for long run development targets.