نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال هشتم شماره 6 (پیاپی 39، شهریور 1398)

Disabled children have various disorders. Identifying their problems and their related factors and considering medical and educational interventions can be used to support and guide these children and their families by supportive organizations. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-mindedness-based cognitive therapy on social anxiety in mothers with low-grade students. The statistical population consisted of all mothers with low-grade students in Kermanshah city in the academic year of 2011-2012. Among them, 30 mothers with an IQ of 50 to 70 in the age range of 8 to 12 years old were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups And evidence. The social anxiety questionnaire was used to collect information. Mental awareness-based cognitive therapy was performed in 8 sessions of Ninety-minute sessions each week. After completion of post-test sessions, two groups were tested and controlled. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (one-way covariance analysis). The results of the research showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups of experimental and control groups in the social anxiety variable (P <0.05). Consequently, it can be admitted that cognitive-based cognitive-mindedness therapy can reduce the social anxiety of mothers with low-grade students.

Family is the first and most important institution that the child is born and bred in. So for the healthy and natural development of children and their mental health, its essential to children grows up in a normal and healthy family that provides a good platform that meet the developmental needs of them. Whatever that causes dysfunctions in family may predispose for damage in training of children and lead to negative consequences for them. Parental addiction is one of the problems that put children at risk and threatens their mental health. thus in this brief review, we intend to investigate the failures of parenting that there is often in families with substance abuse problems, as well as the negative consequences that children of alcoholic parents may face with, including academic performance problems, externalizing and internalizing disorders and emotional and social performance.

In recent years, substance abuse has an increasing trend around the world and imposes so many financial and social costs throughout the world. Substance abuse, seriously, is one of the health problems that were annually leading the causes of death for many people. The present study tries to review some essential factors that affect substance abuse in adolescents which some research has noted. The study has aimed from substantial contributing risk factors, considers familial, social and individual factors. Adolescence, indeed, is a critical period of physical and cognitive development and also searching for an identity which may lead a person to experience risky behaviors. Identifying risk factors in adolescents’ substance abuse behaviors and having knowledge about these factors would help specialists and therapists to designs innovative and efficient preventing and treatment programs to decrease substance abuse tendencies in adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to compare selected Mindful skills in Iranian athletes.  The athlete's sample included 112 athletes with 23.6 average. The FFMQ has been shown to have strong psychometric characteristics, including adequate to excellent internal consistencies for all five facets (Cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.72 to 0.92) as well as good construct validity (2). Cronbach's alpha for the current sample was also good ranging from 0.71 for Non-reactivity to 0.85 for the Observe facet; alpha for the 39 items of FFMQ was 0.76, whereas it slightly increased to 0.77 after adding the 40 the item of breath-awareness. The T-test revealed a significant difference between elite and Nonelite athletes in 4 factors (.80 Percent), (Observe, Describe, Act with Awareness, Non-judging of inner experience), and it is not a significant difference in Non-reactivity to emotional knowledge and mindful state. However, Elite was better than Non-Elite in all categories of aware. According to the results of this study, it is recommended that Successfully athletes.

Individuals with schizophrenia show impaired social cognition, which manifests as hardships in identifying emotions, feeing attached to others, deducing people’s thoughts and reacting emotionally to others. These social cognitive impairments impede social connections and are strong determinants of the extent of impaired daily functioning in such individuals. Here, we review recent findings from the fields of social cognition and social neuroscience and identify the social processes that are impaired in schizophrenia. We also consider empathy as an example of a complex social cognitive function that integrates several social processes and is impaired in schizophrenia.

Mindfulness is conscious attention to the current moment and internal/external personal experiences. Researches showed that mindfulness has a relationship with other psychological variables. Ego strength can be defined such as self-control, self-regulation or other relative variables like self-depletion too. The present study examines the predicting role of ego strength on the relationship with mindfulness in the University of Tehran and the Medical University of Tehran students. Two hundred and sixty-eight students (231 male, 36 female) participated in the study. All students were asked to complete Ego Strength Scale (ESS) and Mindfulness Awareness Attention Scale (MAAS).  Analysis of data involves descriptive and inferential statistics including mean, standard deviation and linear regression coefficient. Results show that ego strength has a significant relationship with mindfulness. Ego strength predicted 11 percent of mindfulness variability. It can conclude that ego strength can predict the role of mindfulness.

The present research was conducted to investigate the effectivity of brain-centered training on academic procrastination and test anxiety. This research was a kind of semi-experimental (semi-pilot) one together with pre-test and post-test with the control group. The statistical population of the research contained all male students in 9th grade in high school in Khaf city in the education year of 1396-97. The researcher selected 30 male high school students in Khaf as sample group and then they were divided into two control and test groups via non-random sampling method. The learning atmosphere was changed according to the effective factors on the brain (light, nutrition, oxygen, color, music, and water). Therefore, the teacher trained the test group based on brain-centered learning principles. The test anxiety inventory by Speilberger (1980) and the academic procrastination questionnaire of Solomon and Rothblum (1984) were used to measure the variables. The results of the research showed that brain-centered training is active on the reduction of test anxiety (P<0/05), but it has not affected procrastination; thus, it can be concluded that brain-centered training influences over a decline of test anxiety. Therefore, the brain-centered learning train can be used as an intervention method in decreasing the students’ test anxiety.

This study was performed in order to evaluate the relationship between mathematic anxiety and Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory in students of talents high schools. statistical society includes all students of talent high schools of Qom (grades one, two and three) who were educating in academic year of 1394-1395. Among 120 students (60 boys and 60 girls) were selected by stratified accidental sampling method. In this study, mathematic anxiety questionnaire (MARS-R) and Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory (MARSI) were used. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and mean difference of two groups (independent t test) and using SPSS software. results showed that there is a negative and meaningful relationship between mathematic anxiety and Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory and mathematic anxiety in girls is more than boys. Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory in boys is more than girls. Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory can cause that reading strategies were used during studying different lesson in order to reduce anxiety by desired memorizing.

Social development is a balanced collection of social skills and adaptive behaviors that enable a person to interact with others with desirable interactions, to react positively, and to avoid behaviors that have negative consequences. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of problem-solving skills training on social development of pre-native students. The research method was quasi-experimental with a preliminary and final test design with control group. The statistical population of this study was all children aged 6- 5 years old in Rasht, in the academic year of 1995-96. The sample consisted of 2300 people, 82 of them were selected by multistage cluster random sampling method. The instrument of this study was the Social Inclusion Scheme of Wien (1953). The results of independent t-test showed that there is a significant difference between the pretest and post-test scores of the experimental group in the rate of social development of children. In other words, problem-solving education causes their social development. Also, the results indicate that there is no significant difference between the social development scores, girls and boys, and the problem-solving method has had a significant effect on both sexes in the experimental group.

Social development is a balanced collection of social skills and adaptive behaviors that enable a person to interact with others with desirable interactions, to react positively, and to avoid behaviors that have negative consequences. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of problem-solving skills training on social development of pre-native students. The research method was quasi-experimental with a preliminary and final test design with control group. The statistical population of this study was all children aged 6- 5 years old in Rasht, in the academic year of 1995-96. The sample consisted of 2300 people, 82 of them were selected by multistage cluster random sampling method. The instrument of this study was the Social Inclusion Scheme of Wien (1953). The results of independent t-test showed that there is a significant difference between the pretest and post-test scores of the experimental group in the rate of social development of children. In other words, problem-solving education causes their social development. Also, the results indicate that there is no significant difference between the social development scores, girls and boys, and the problem-solving method has had a significant effect on both sexes in the experimental group.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of yoga-based mindfulness in reducing anxious women's rumination. The present method was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design,  with a control group. In this research, the statistical population included all women who referred to sports clubs in Kermanshah for enrollment in yoga classes. After completing the Beck anxiety inventory and rumination responses by eligible women in the study company based on entry and exit criteria, 30 were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group consisted of 16 sessions of 75 minutes (weekly 2 sessions) under yoga exercises. The data were collected by Beck Anxiety Inventory (1999) and Nolen-Hoeksema (1991) rumination responses questionnaire. Data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical methods using SPSS-23 software. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in rumination. According to the results, it can be said that yoga is an effective approach to reducing rumination.

This study aimed to use Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination revised (ACE-R) to diagnose and compare the cognitive impairment (CI) among patients with BBT and MBT after surgery. The population consisted of all patients with BBT and MBT who were treated in center of Supporting Organization (Mehraneh), a charity foundation for patient with cancer, during six months. 62 patients with BBT and MBT were recruited. ACE-R was used to evaluate patients. The findings showed that there was significant difference between patients with BBT and MBT in cognitive disruption. Also, results demonstrated there was significant difference between patients with brain tumors and healthy subjects in attention-orientation, memory, fluency, language, and visual-spatial ability (P < 0.001). Findings of this study revealed that although there was significant difference between patients with BBT and MBT, the patients with BBT experienced more than expectation problems in cognitive function. There were several factors which caused disabilities. This study suggested that the tools such as ACE may be used to evaluate patients for clinical activities.

Depression is one of the significant problems of mothers with exceptional child. Therefore, this study aimed to explain of depression based on the sense of coherence and cognitive flexibility among mothers of children with autism. This study was a correlational – descriptive design. The study population was consisted of all mothers with autism children in Tehran - 2017. 137 mothers were selected by available sampling methods from autism society of Iran. Instruments for gathering data were Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al, 1994), short form of Sense of Coherence Questionnaire (Antonovsky, 1987), Cognitive Flexibility Scale (Dennis & Vander WalJ ,2010). Then, the data were analyzed using SPSS.v21 software and statistical tests such as Pearson correlation coefficient and Stepwise regression. Based on study findings, there was a statistically significant relationship between components of sense of coherence and cognitive flexibility with depression among mothers. Too, the results of stepwise regression analysis indicated that controllability, perceive of controllability and perceive of behavior explanations significantly predicted 19 percent of change in depression, respectively. With regards to findings, sense of coherence, cognitive flexibility and their components have important role in mothers' depression. Therefore, by designing psychological interventions based on this variables can improves the depression among this mothers. Theoretical and practical implications of presented results are also discussed.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in children. Children and adolescents with this diagnosis may have a range of these symptoms that fall into these three categories: neglect - Overactive and moving. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of parent-child relationship management (CPRT) on social skills and cognitive-emotional regulation in children under the age of 12 years with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).The research method was semi-experimental and the statistical population consisted of mothers of all children under the age of 12 who were suspected of having hyperactivity disorder and attention deficit disorder who referred to the counseling center of education. According to Cohen table, taking into account the test power (0.80), effect size (0.50) and error rate (0.05) for each sample group, 15 were selected randomly. The instrument of the study was the Social Skills Scale, Awyrt, Lucker and the Children's Form of Gantry Cognitive Critical Adjustment. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. The results of the analysis for the main hypothesis showed that parent-child relationship-based therapy (CPRT) was effective on social skills and cognitive-emotional adjustment of children. The study of sub hypotheses also showed that the intervention independently improved social skills and emotional cognitive regulation.

The purpose of this study was investigate effect of the frequency of motivational self-talk on volleyball learning. The method of this study is semi-experimental, which was carried out with pre-test-post-test design. Thirty high school students from Semirom were selected by purposeful sampling and categorized into three groups of 10 people (self-talk with one repetition, self- talk with three replications and control group). At first, was taken a pre-test of the volleyball service Acquisition step took place in 3 consecutive sessions. In each session, 3 blocks of 10 attempts were practiced. The group itself spoke a repeat, before every single blow to my motivational word I could use the best point to send the ball. The group of three replicates repeated the same words three times before each shot. The control group did not use any words. After the end of the acquisition, the test was taken and 48 hours later the test was taken. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The significance level of P <0.05 was considered. The results showed a significant difference between the self-talk one repetition with self-talk group of three replications and the control group. Self-talk score with one repetition was significantly higher than the group of three replicates and control group. Also, self-talk with three repetitions has negative effect on volleyball service. In a general conclusion, motivational self-talk with a repetition improves the volleyball service, but motivational self-talk with three repetitions has a negative effect on the performance of the volleyball service.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which psychological principles were observed in the second primary school textbook for female teachers. This research was conducted using descriptive-survey method. The statistical population consisted of all female teachers in the second elementary school in Isfahan and Tehran, totaling 650 people, 260 in Isfahan and 390 in Isfahan regions of Tehran, and based on multi-class cluster sampling in Isfahan Regions 2, 3 and in Tehran, regions 6, 7, 10 and 11 were selected for research. The sample size was 86 in Isfahan and 97 in Tehran. Required data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of this questionnaire was determined by its content validity and its reliability was 0.837, using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. For analyzing the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used using Spss20 software. According to the findings, the highest average value was related to content matching with student's age with an average of 2.50 and the lowest average value related to the pre-organizer statement at the beginning of each chapter with an average of 2.77 and proportion of content to enhance creativity and innovation. Students with an average of 2.16 Also, the mean of the total population was 2.33 and was significant at the error level of 0.05. Therefore, given the high mean of the sample mean of 2.52 and the significance of the tests, we can conclude The psychological criteria in the Farsi II Secondary Book are considered to be high.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between managers 'leadership style and staff’s silence of  Department of Sport and Youth in Hamedan province by descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population included all employees of sport and youth departments of  Hamedan province that 108 samples were obtained from Morgan and Krejski tables. In order to collect the required information, in addition to the demographic questionnaire, the Likert leadership styles questionnaire and the organizational silence questionnaire (Vakula and Bouradas) were used. In addition to descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov Smirnov statistical methods and Pearson correlation were used. Findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between managers leadership styles and organizational silence of employees (p˂0/01, r=0/4672). Also There was a significant negative relationship between the dimensions of leadership style, such as benevolent (p˂0/01, r=0/4108), consultative (p˂0/01, r= 0/4674) and participatory (p˂0/01, r=0/4168) leadership style, with the silence of the organization employees. However, there was no significant relationship between the style of colonial leadership style and the silence of employees in the organization (p=0/143, r=0/174). Organizational silence also causes feelings of worthlessness, lack of control and cognitive dissonance that results in low motivation and commitment. Indeed, benevolent, consultative, and participatory leadership styles can to some extent prevent the silence of the organization's employees and provide the space to express the ideas and opinions of individuals in organizations.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of psychodrama on moral development, Interpersonal relationships and creativity of Sixth Grade elementary school students. The present research was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test-posttest with control group type. The statistical population of the study included all 12-year-old girl students in Sari schools in the academic year of 2016-2017. The sample consisted of 32 students who were voluntarily selected by non-random sampling method and were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. To collect data, the Abedi’s Creativity Questionnaire (1372), Manavipour’s Spiritual Growth Scale (2007) and Interpersonal Communication Skills Questionnaire of Monajjemizadeh (2012) were used. Data were analyzed using Covariance Analysis and spss21 software. The results showed that psychodrama has no significant effect on the moral development of female students, but has a significant effect on creativity and interpersonal relationships.

T Happiness is a state of life that is a happy and satisfied person with no depression and anxiety. This study aimed to investigate the interpersonal and emotional problems and behavioral problems in predicting happiness in Elementary school was done. This is a descriptive correlational study. The study population consisted of all students, male and female high school smart schools in Semnan province is among the students a sample of 232 students (155 girls and 77 boys), cluster sampling were selected randomly and scale of happiness Oxford, interpersonal problems and the scale of strengths and weaknesses completed. Data using the Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression and analyzed with software SPSS-16. The results showed that emotional problems, social learning problems (subscale of strengths and weaknesses), apathy, unsociable, and self-abuse (in a scale of interpersonal problems), there is a significant negative correlation with happiness. The results of the regression analysis showed that emotional problems, problems with peers, and behavioral problems, respectively, significantly lower happiness in the students predict. It seems, strengthening effective interpersonal relationships with peers and learning to manage emotions in the face of problems associated with the strengthening of happiness and well-being of students.

The aim of this study is to compare the difference between low-hearing and Low-visibility people in terms of self-concept, behavioral problems and emotional control in the city of Boukan. The research in this field is based on practical application and method in the descriptive research field. Statistical population of the research consists of all people with low-hearing and Low-visibility people in the city of Boukan. The statistical sample of this research is 130 people, which was selected using available sampling method. For the sake of collecting information in this research, we used the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale, Shahim and Youssefi behavioral problems questionnaire (1999) and emotional control scale. The results of this research show that there is not meaningful difference between these two groups in terms of behavioral, school and rational status, anxious, appearance of physical properties, fame and joy and satisfaction of the dimensions of self-concept components. In attention deficiency, fear, social behavior and aggression on dimensions of behavioral problems components there is not meaningful difference between these two groups. There is not meaningful difference between two groups in terms of aggression, depressed mood, anxious and positive emotional from emotional control dimension. Overall, the results show that low-hearing and Low-visibility impairments cause differences in self-concept variables, behavioral problems and emotional control in the two groups.

The present study aims to investigate the effect of creative movement games on the social skills development in educatable intellectual disabled children. The population of the study consisted of all educatable intellectual disabled students aged between 6 and 12 in the city of Shiraz during the 2016-2017 academic year. In this quasi-experimental study, 58 Educatable Intellectual Disabled Children (30 boys and 28 girls) with the average age of 9.07 years years were selected randomly and assigned to experimental and control groups. To assess the social skills of the participants, their teachers were asked to answer the social skills sub-questions of Gersham and Elliott (1990) social skills questionnaire. The experimental group performed creative activity games for 6 weeks, and the control group performed the normal activities associated with the school program during this period. For analyzing the data, Levene's Test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test and covariance analysis were used by SPSS-16 software at the significance level of 0.05. The results showed that the intervention of creative motor games on social skills lead to a significant difference between experimental and control groups (P≤0.05). It seems that Creative Movement Games an effective role in the social skills Development Educatable Intellectual Disabled Children due to the provision of training opportunities, favorable conditions and having fun and diverse programs.

Positive psychology is a modern branch of psychology, which has replaced relying on the capabilities to the pathological cognitive aspect. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of well-being therapy on addiction severity index in stimulant dependent males. In a single-site trial, a single-site randomized clinical trial with pre-test and post-test control group of fifty men (18-45 years old with an average age of 29.4) in the phase of avoiding Methamphetamine were selected from clients hospitalized in Residential Camp (drugs) in Karaj city using random sampling method and they were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 25) and control (n = 25) groups using Excel Office software. The experimental group received 12 weekly sessions (50 minutes each session) Ryff's grouping well-being therapy and the control group received only routine treatments of the center. Then, the two groups were evaluated in two stages of pre-test and post-test by the questionnaire of addiction severity (response rate = 92%). Participants received twice-weekly urine tests with a threshold of 30 Nanograms per milliliter to ensure adherence to avoidance from using. Data were analyzed by one-way ANCOVA (analysis of covariance). Also, qualitative data derived from demographic evaluations were coded and analyzed using Atlas.ti-5.2 data analysis tools. Data analysis showed that the well-being therapy had a significant effect on the improvement of the addiction severity index with a confidence interval of 26.4 (18.85-33.95) (p<0.001). The findings of this study can be useful in evaluating, designing health interventions and future research pathways in methamphetamine users.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between structural relationships of gender role with the meaning of life, the orientation of life, and marital satisfaction among married university students of Rasht. The present research was a correlational-descriptive study whose statistical population consisted of all married students of Islamic Azad University branches in Rasht, Guilan Province in the academic year 2015-2016. Based on predictor and criterion variables, 210 students were selected as the sample using the convenience sampling method. The required data were collected using Bem gender Role Inventory (1974), Life Orientation Test-Revised (1985), Meaning of Life Questionnaire(1964), and the Marital Satisfaction Inventory (1989). The results of the final structural equations modeling for measuring the relationship of sex role with the meaning of life, the orientation of life, and marital satisfaction showed that gender role has a positive impact on all of them. The study findings suggest and sex role has a considerable impact on the meaning of life, orientation of life, and marital satisfaction.

Considering the importance of painting in the manifestation of the inner world of people and understanding their issues, the present study examined the evolution of the demonstrative signs of anxiety and depression in a scenic scan test in elementary students of Bandar Abbas.The study population consisted of all male and female students of elementary schools in Bandar Abbas in the academic year 1395-96. In order to select the sample, six schools were randomly selected through cluster sampling. Then, based on available sampling, 20 students with anxiety disorder and 20 students with depression were selected from among the students referring to the counselors of these schools. Then, appropriate tests were performed (children's anxiety and depression questionnaires). The choice was based on the fact that the score of each selected person in the test of that disorder was a standard deviation above the mean. Twenty-eight students were randomly selected from the same schools. After drawing the scenic painting by the participants, the interpretation and comparison of the painting of the groups was done using the Chi-square test. Chi square test showed that there is a significant difference between the members of the groups of normal, depressed and anxious students in terms of some of the drawings of landscape painting. Failure to observe head-to-trunk ratio, dim lines, small draw drawing, use of discontinuous lines, differences in the application of colors, lack of a landscape around the dummy, twisted drawing lines in the drawing of the tree, frequent corrections and closed shoots, including Painting features of students with a disorder. Although painting has a major role in recognizing the individual's inner world, but in order to better interpret the individual's drawings, the child should receive as much detail as possible from his child's life and painting.

Social comparisons are an essential source of information about the self.  This research aimed to evaluate the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the social comparisons orientation scale. 211 high school students of Noshahr City in 2015-2016 academic year were selected by cluster randomized sampling method. They completed the Persian version of social comparisons orientation scale and self-efficacy and optimism subscales of psychological capital scale. To analyze the data, Cornbrash’s alpha coefficient, correlation coefficient, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used. Primary Scale Reliability that calculate through Cronbach's alpha coefficients was 0/71. Ability and opinion factors were extracted as using principal components analysis method and Varimax rotation. Cronbach's alpha coefficients of ability factor, opinion factory, and Persian version of social comparisons orientation scale were found to be 0/72, 0/80, and 0/80 respectively, which were statistically significant. The scale validity was confirmed by using criterion and construct validity. Results of exploratory factor analysis supported the factorial structure of two-factor model. According to the results, it can be concluded that this scale has a good validity and reliability for Iranian samples and can be used in future studies related to social comparison.

Eating disorders have been widespread in recent decades, especially in teenage girls. The harmful effects of this disorder and its associated disorders have been remarkable. Disruption of emotional processes such as distress tolerance is one of the main problems associated with anorexia nervosa and needs to be addressed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mindfulness intervention based stress reduction on distress tolerance in women with anorexia nervosa.The research design of the study was a single subject. The population of this study was all women with anorexia in Isfahan, in 2016, among whom two women were selected through convenience sampling. 2 baseline, six therapeutic, and two follow-up sessions were administrated for each participant.  Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), were responded in every session by the participants. Visual analysis, including inter- and intra-situational reports, were used to analyze the data for each dependent variable. The results showed that the intervention applied in the study was useful in distress tolerance (PND  100%). Based on the results of the survey, stress-based mindfulness therapy can be applied as an efficient intervention on some critical aspects of the mental health of women with anorexia.

This research was conducted to prediction of eating disorders based on various aspects of Emotional Quotient, level of confidence in second grade junior high school students in Rahmat Abad and Bolookat. The method is predictor correlation. The samples were 112 students were studying in 94-95 years. The questionnaires consisted of Eating Attitudes Test (Carner et al., 1979), Trait Emotional Intelligence (Petrides et al., 2004), and Weight Efficacy Lifestyle (Clarke et al., 1991). Data were analyzed by multi-regression and stepwise-regression using SPSS.V. 22 software. Weight efficacy lifestyle questionnaire better predictor than Trait emotional intelligence questionnaire is an advantage in diagnosing eating disorders. Access to food is the best predictor of eating disorders. Weight efficacy lifestyle questionnaire (wel) (Self-Efficacy) was a Larger share in predicting eating disorders. But Self-awareness One of the components trait emotional intelligence was Larger share in predicting Bulimia nervous One of the components eating dissorders and Access to food was the best predictor oral control and Food habits. Based on this study, it can be concluded that in predicting eating disorder as one of the common problems in students, cognitive factors, self-awareness, and Garcia's effect are involved. This disorder can be prevented form occuring by environmental interventions, cognitive exercises, and increased emotional intelligence.

Different variables such as motivation, self-esteem, and learning methods can affect the learner during learning activity. Therefore, educational research has shown that motivation is one of the essential factors for the improvement of student performances. Using a person-oriented approach, the present study aimed to determine the motivational profiles (clusters) of students and to compare their self-control considering these profiles. This study was conducted with a comparative-descriptive method. The participants were 204 university of Qom students that were choose by multiple cluster sampling method. Participants completed the Tangeny self-control (2002) and Snyder hope scale (1991). The statistical methods was cluster analysis, ANOVA. Cluster analysis revealed three motivational profiles for the students: 38/2% of the subjects were placed in the low quantity motivation group, 38/7% were placed in the moderate quantity motivation group, the high quantity motivation group (25%). The behavioral self-control of low quantity motivation group was lower than the other clusters. The findings of this study will help those involved in the field of education make effective attempts by planning helpful educational program, so promote the students’ learning motivations, particularly the senior ones during the academic years.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and differentiation components with resiliency in a university student at Farhangian University in Tehran during the academic year of 2011-2012. The method of this research is descriptive and correlational. For this purpose, a sample of 325 students from the University of Farhangian University in Tehran was selected by multistage cluster sampling method. Adolescent style Collins and Reid questionnaires, Skuron and Friedlander distinctions, and Conner and Davidson perseverance were applied to them. . For data analysis, Pearson correlation analysis and multivariate regression analysis were used. The findings also showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between avoidance attachment and my position with resilience (P <0.01). As a result, it can be said that the secured attachment subjects have a high degree of differentiation, so they are open in their relationships and have higher levels of resilience than those who are attached to them, and they are vulnerable to unwary persons due to situations avoiding and needing approval. Others have a lower degree of differentiation in their relationships, and they are effective in lowering their resilience. It can also be said that my position and its characteristics, that is, their unified sense and the ability to follow a thoughtful approach to their personal convictions, despite the moderation of pressure from others, is a powerful and positive predictor of the resilience of individuals in the face of life's events and problems.