مجله پژوهش در مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 1 (بهار 1391)

The purpose of present research is to compar sport marketing in summer and winter Olympic games ( 1996 – 2004 ). Research method was library studies, applicative and descriptive. The results showed an increase in fianciad summer and winter Olympic between 1996 – 2004, whit a descending range aften this period. The number of sponsors had descended in summer Olympics, increased and then had descended in winter Olympics. Number of sponsor partners had increased unperceptibly and then had left without change.The sell ticket program had risen and then  experienced a descending process in summer Olympic, but continued increasing process in winter Olympic.The broadcasting rights continued increase process.At first, licensing revenue had descended process then increased in summer Olympic, but continued increase process in winter Olympics.Total Olympic marketing rvenue and distribution of Olympic family revenues had continued increasing process. Broadcasting rights looks the most profitable marketing indicator in Olympic games. Global audience continued increasing process in summer & winter Olympics, however it shows unperceptible decreased in Athens 2004 only.

Identifying the effect of Education on women participating in recreational sports, is a great step towards introducing new approaches leading to a greater participation of women in sports activities and consequently improving women's physical and mental health. The aim of this study is to investigate the siginificance of relationship between education and the rate of participation in recreational sport among Tehrani Women. Also identifying different constraints which inhibits well educated women in contrast with uneducated ones in sport s is another aim of this study.The instrument used in this study was a questionair provided by the researcher.It was first checked for the reliability and validity and was then distributed among the women in Tehran. The sample included 1200 women, whom were chosen accidentally according to Morgan sampling table, out of Tehran women population. The results of the analysis showed that well educated women participate in recreational sport activities much more than uneducated or less educated women. Also the results show that the kind of constrains women perceive is similar among women with different education levels but among educated women something is different and that is these women negotiate constraints and participate in sport in spite of perceiving constraints.