فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 53 (تابستان 1398)

Reza Shah Pahlavi in Iran and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in Turkey, after almost the same period of time, came to power, they implemented their modernization actions. The similarities and differences between the societies of both countries and the type of coping and acceptance of modernity have led to a different fate in the discussion of the process of modernization. These two political leaders in an attempt to move the people towards the West in a manner that unifies and assimilation the people for the purpose of applying their ideas to the unconditional fulfillment of their modernization pattern. Both Reza Shah and Ataturk intended to move people to modernization in the process of command and from above. The comparison and comparative study of Reza Shah and Ataturk's actions reveals many similarities, but given these similarities in terms of the theoretical approach and the relative effectiveness of Iran from Turkey, we are seeing more differences in the intensity and variety of these actions. In this paper, we seek to answer the main question: Why, despite the similarity of the theoretical approach, modernization during the reza Shah era found a different fate than modernization during the era of Ataturk? Considering the main question, the main hypothesis is the difference in the functioning of the institution of religion in relation to the government along with other factors, which led to the failure of modernization in the period of the Reza Shah Pahlavi compared with the modernization during the period of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.

The presence of Kermanian in the Timurd rule has increased their role in the the formation of the rule of sultan Abu Saeid Timo rey(855-873 AD) and sultan Hussein Bitarura(875-911AD). Suitable grounds and political and cultural motives of the Kermani ministers in Heart brought them a good place.But this research while investigating the position of the Ministry seeks to answer the question: “What areas led to the growth of Kermani ministers in the Timurid court?” And hat role have they played in the structure of the Timurid bureaucracy? The research findings indicate that the kermani ministers through their fathers were familiar with the affairs of the Divani and in the light of their talents desirability and perseverance Ministers in their cultural artistic and educational affairs and their role in this field brought about the development of culture and art in timurid community. The papers approach emphasizes analytic explanation based on descriptive evidence from the main sources of research and on the library methodology.

Some of Islamic scholars believe that Since the Holy Prophet settled in Medina and found supporters and found himself in a position of power; therefore, he had the opportunity to take revenge on Makiyan because of their persecution. Thus, he started to raid on trading caravans of Quraysh and marauding them. The main goal of this paper to is not to critique the news of the reports that originated from this belief, but to focus on the two dimensions of retaliation in the prophetic world and the characteristics of the context and traditions of the Arab community in the critical analysis of this goal. It should be seen what are the grounds for revenge against the enemy and whether these platforms were available during the first months after the emigration? In addition, what challenges did they face in the cultural context of the Arab community? This research shows that the stated goal of the particle is not reasonable and is incompatible with historical data and analysis.

This study based on the fact that the Iranian constitution had its roots in a particular culture, custom and rituals regarding the religious insights. So the major topics of this period were theological and jurisprudential debates. European Constitutional systems after centuries of in-depth discussion of the concept of rights and the necessity of modern legislation were formed, the Iranian constitution was also based on a definition of rights that appeared in a religious body which was influenced by dominant culture. The main view of this paper is that due to cultural differences, there was a difference between the Iranian constitution and other versions of constitutionalism around the world. It also attempts to show that the foundations of constitutional systems throughout the world are not necessarily the same, so it is natural that there are differences and distinctions between them. To illustrate this distinction, there has been some discussion of Rousseau's views.

In this article, the cultural and civilization relations between the two historical countries of Iran and Ethiopia from the beginning of Islam to the contemporary period (focusing on several recent centuries) and on the basis of existing sources have been examined. The main question of this article is "What factors are the main actors in the process of cultural interaction between the two countries?" And the main hypothesis is "the cultural and cultural impact of the two nations of Iran and Ethiopia on each other." The framework of the paper is based on the theory of "cultural exchange between different ethnic groups" by Dr. Lordsai Zade, and the socio-cultural results derived from these independent research variables are considered. The aim of the article is to provide pristine and first-hand information on the cultural relations of the two countries and to present a new perspective on the relations between the two countries over the last few centuries. The research methodology of this article is descriptive-analytical, Field, and the author has tried to provide the maximum of available resources; to provide the first-hand information on the cultural relations of the two countries, which leads to increasing knowledge in this field. The aim of the paper is to provide first-hand information on the cultural relations of the two countries, to provide a substantive and scientific response to the main question, and to present a new and innovative view on the relations between the two countries over the past few centuries.

Several scholars have investigated the religious situation of the Mongol era. Each of them, in their own opinion, sometimes cited, and some by prejudice and according to their particular tendencies, have paid attention to it. However, in order to understand the nature of religion and religious politics in the Mongol period, considering the conditions and requirements of the Mongol invasion, it is necessary to examine the views and opinions of different scholars, in order to determine the approaches of this research to this issue, and the reasons and how Such processes will be clear. On the other hand, the comparative and comparative evaluation of the opinions of these researchers and their assessment of "classical documents" and "historical evidence" can undoubtedly be important in this understanding and approach. Therefore, the present research analyzes the comparison and evaluation of the views of Spuler (as one of the Western scholars in the Mongol history) with the views and attitudes of the Russian scholars on the state of religion in the Mongol era, seeking to answer this main question. What is the analytical perspective on the Mongolian religious situation consistent with reality? The research method in this study will be based on comparative analysis

The subject of land, ownership, the land ownership system and the government policy and community engagement with government in Iranian history have been among the influential factors on the economic, social, and political changes. Safavid era due to the long-term sustainability of the government includes many tips and experiences. This research seeks to explain the subject that in the Safavid era especially from the era of Shah Abbas the first, what model of the land system has been used in rural and Iranian agriculture? And does this affect the lives of villagers and on the other hand, how has it interacted with this part of society and government? The findings of this study indicate that, the Safavid regime’s framework for land ownership and harvest, in total, compared to taxes and duties dictated, had less benefits for farmers. Such conditions in the long run lead to the formation and expansion of the gap between farmers as the main part of the society and the government. This research has been conducted in a historical, descriptive analytic manner using library resources and since the issue of land management continues to be one of the most critical issues of Iranian society, this research by using historical experiences can present practical tips.