فصلنامه راهبرد فرهنگ
پیاپی 45 (بهار 1398)

Social surveys have always been the most important research tools for sociologists to collect data from large populations. The main problem in social surveys is “getting the correct answer” from the respondents, who may be caught in a situation when they hide their true and correct answer and instead they give an answer which is normatively considered a justified acceptable answer. This kind of answer in social survey research is considered the most important mistake by respondents and is known as social desirability bias. This article is an attempt to study the results of social desirability bias in social surveys and explain the sources and mechanisms of its production. A theoretical framework has been applied to analyze this bias. In the next step, the sensitive subjects or questions in survey are discussed, which are one of the main sources of social desirability bias. In the pursuance of this goal, one of the significant techniques for elimination or reduction of social desirability bias, when we deal with sensitive issues, has been mentioned, i.e. formulating the questions in an indirect form and addressed to “general others”. The theoretical expectation in approach to social desirability bias is that the respondents, on average, evaluate themselves as more positive than general others.
The empirical study of the said theoretical expectation was undertaken by 12 items related to the “Observation of Ethical Values” scale in a national survey with 4620 respondents as sample. All findings were extraordinarily consonant with the said theoretical expectation.

.The present study seeks to investigate the concept of scholarship from the viewpoint of faculty members in different disciplines. To this end, a consequential mixed approach was applied. The first part of the study was conducted with exploratory purposes, a phenomenological method and interview with 30 faculty members who taught and conducted research in different fields of science. Subsequently, in order to generalize the results, the research was continued using a descriptive survey method with a sample of 120 faculty members. Data gathering tools were semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire based on the results of the qualitative section. The results of the qualitative section demonstrated that the experience of faculty members could be categorized into five patterns: research as professional responsibility, artwork, journey to unknowns, puzzle and judgment. The researchers also managed to extract five patterns from quantitative data, which were almost equivalent to qualitative concepts: discovery of reality, information gathering, problem solving, re-exploration and misconception of research. The findings of the quantitative section also indicated that the type of faculty and consequently, the specialized field of faculty members cannot make a significant difference in the average of most of the main factors of faculty members’ perception of the concept of research. Patterns and factors taken from the concept of scholarship provide a way to understand problems or failures in the lack of course and research completion due to the incompatibility of the concepts and perceptions of professors and student.

native science and its relation to religious science in recent decades has been the focus of Muslim scholars. According to some readings of native science, the pursuit of wisdom to science, all indigenous and historic.This approach usually taken as relativism and pluralism knowledge and in conflict with the principles of Islamic epistemology. Contrary to popular perception, relativism is not a unified whole and have varieties. Kachooyan is one of the scholars of Islamic methodology of human knowledge, which explain the historical nature of human and assert pluralism in humanities. This is reason to the accusation of radical relativism from some alternative streams in religious knowledge. The authors have tried to carefully distinguish between What is known as relativism, wise relativism and not acceptable relativism, and by explaining the views of the community of this Muslim thinker, to show that his ideas about native science, has no epistemological objections of fails types of relativism.

Computers create different types of crimes, one of whose examples is cyber harassment. In contrast, there is another type of harassment called traditional one. The response of the people who are exposed to harassment as a source of strain appears in the form of deviant behaviors such as suicide and self-harm. The objective of this paper is to study victimization (cyber and traditional) as a source of strain on deviant behavior. Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory (GST) has been adopted as theoretical framework for this paper. In Agnew’s viewpoint, one of the sources of strain is the existence of negative stimulus; and, victimization (cyber and traditional) has been studied as a negative stimulus. The necessary data were collected through questionnaire for this survey.
The research population included all students studying in Mazandaran University in 2014-2015. The sample constituted of 400 students who were selected through proportional stratified random sampling method. The findings of the research indicate that victimization (cyber and traditional) leaves more impact on extrinsic deviant behavior of boy students, while it has more effect on intrinsic deviant behavior of girl students. Also the impact of cyber victimization is stronger than traditional victimization on the deviant behavior of students; and, negative emotional tempers of students are positive function of cyber and traditional victimization.

Creative and cultural industries are among the most rapidly growing sectors at global level. It is expected that this sector will play a greater role in the world economy. Increasing growth of these industries, will bring about impacts and outcomes other than economic consequences, which will be of more importance at firm level. Change of the society's identity, lifestyle, and approach to national independence, etc. can be among the impacts of creative industries. Therefore, the government should monitor the impacts and outcomes of creative industries through establishing a particular mechanism. The present research has presented a monitoring system of "creative industries impacts" which matches the Iran’s value system by using a grounded theory method and interviews with experts, and applying the standardized framework of OECD. Through this, three major categories including monitoring of the political impacts of creative industries, impacts on national development and impacts on identity, and also fifteen central concepts were identified under these categories. Finally, validation of the research findings was carried out by utilizing a Fuzzy Delphi method

Due to globalization, international competitiveness, spread of Information Technology, etc. the internationalization of higher education has achieved a strategic status in the field of academic activities and in the light of this progress, different countries are promoting this activity to be able to attain higher academic reputation and status among the peoples of other countries. In the light of the said conditions, the present research, is an attempt to study the mechanisms for promotion of internationalization of Iran’s higher education. Synthetic-explorative method has been employed in this study.
The participants of the qualitative section were university elites who were selected through targeted and network sampling method and the statistical population in the quantitative method consisted of faculty members of state universities of the city of Tehran totaling 301 members who were selected through multistage cluster sampling. The main findings in the qualitative method indicate that international academic cooperation, extracurricular international activities, organizational strategies, supportive strategies, development of human resources, internationalization of curriculums, international opportunities, supervision and evaluation and background conditions are the identified mechanisms for promotion of internationalization of Iran’s higher education. In the quantitative section, all identified variables enjoyed a component loading above 0.7 and this indicated that the identified mechanisms enjoyed the necessary validity for the promotion of internationalization of higher education of Iran.

Cultural politics is a category of strategic importance and includes written and non-textual principles that are developed to achieve cultural goals. The purpose of this study is to compare the Iranian and Australian cultural policies to identify the similarities and differences between these policies and to achieve sustainable cultural goals in Iran.This research is a descriptive and comparative-analytical and conducted in two stages. In the first phase, 6 components and 24 indicators of cultural policy were identified and being approved by 3 Iranian members of the Delphi Panel. The conceptual model is designed on the Kraft & Furlong process pattern and its validation has been approved by Lawashe method.In the second stage, the similarities and differences between Iranian and Australian cultural policies by determining final membership degree of each of the components and indicators of cultural policy in Fuzzy sets, were surveyed by 5 Iranian and 5 Australian cultural experts using the Delphi technique. The findings show that there are similarities between Indicators of Cultural Prioritization, Adoption and the legalization of cultural policy in the parliament or cultural policy institution in Iran and Australia, but there are differences among components and indicators of cultural policy. It can be concluded according to the higher final membership degrees of Australia, the relative importance of cultural policy processes: Agenda setting, Formulation, Adoption, Implementation, Evaluation and Feedback in Australia is more than in Iran. The cultural policy model in Australia is a Group and in Iran is a Policy and Institutional Model.