نشریه رهیافت
پیاپی 73 (بهار 1398)

The interest in the concept of "open innovation" has increased dramatically in the last decade. However, the widespread literature on this subject is scattered. It is because open innovation is a "fuzzy" concept, and there are no exact boundaries with closed innovation. In other words, any innovation process can be considered to be "open" and partly "closed". Therefore, innovation is a spectrum and not a precise boundary. One of the ways to bring an understanding of open innovation is to use taxonomy. The purpose of this paper is a taxonomy of open source using a literature review. This research uses a qualitative review method. To collect the data, the study uses the library method of data collection (secondary studies, meta-synthesis) and is based on an online study of information sources. By briefly reviewing the concept of open innovation and knowledge management, the paper tries to bring these texts together using the new literature in the field of open innovation array. The presented taxonomy also helps to understand the terminology of this field, and comparing similarities and differences can be used as a decision tool.

Nowadays, quality evaluation and accreditation are the necessity of higher education systems worldwide. Different countries are seeking to continuously improve the quality of their higher education system by applying evaluation methods. In this regard, in Iran, after the quantitative development of higher education in response to social demand, the concern regarding quality challenge has been raised, followed by considering it in the upstream documents. Besides, over the past decade, some quality measures have been undertaken. The importance of this issue is to the extent that the policies of the supreme leader in the field of science and technology have also explicitly referred to the strengthening of evaluation and accreditation systems. Accordingly, this article intends to review and analyze the actions taken in this field after more than a decade of experience in a quality assessment and accreditation system in the country. Then, it identifies challenges and provides solutions to improve and enhance it.

The purpose of the study is to recognize the common atmosphere of university ranking systems and provide an acceptable picture of their indicators. The indicators and their weights were extracted via university ranking systems' official web sites. The relative weights of different ranking systems were also obtained through a survey of experts. The importance of each extracted indicator was calculated by multiplying the indicator weight by related ranking system weight. The indicators categorized into several groups using some researcher-made keywords. The level of effectiveness of each category of indicators estimated based on its indicators' importance share from the total sum of the importance of all indicators. Research indicators, and among them the "output-citation" group, had the most level of effectiveness. Moreover, in this group, the effectiveness of quality-related indicators was three times more than the effectiveness of quantity related ones. The deliberate, purposeful, and clever use of university ranking systems can have many benefits for higher education stakeholders (policymakers, universities, and students). In contrast, attempts to align academic activities with the most influential indicators are likely to lead to neglecting the core missions of universities (especially education) more than before and exacerbating the trend of caricature and unsustainable growth of inefficient outcomes.

One of the most important and complicated questions in the field of early childhood education is how to develop an effective curriculum for this stage. Given the occurrence of the knowledgebased economy era, and the rapid rate of changes, answering such a question has become more challenging. The present research has been conducted to study the necessity of the Strategic Curriculum Studies (SCS) approach and the Multi-Dimensional Curriculum (MDC) model and what SCS & MDC is. The qualitative method of descriptive-analytical research was used to gather data and documents. The results revealed that due to the rapid development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), the revolution of the concept of literacy, complexity paradigm, and adapting the educational content and materials to real-life experiences, there’s a need for a proactive indigenized curriculum focused on metacognitive and life-long learning, to which a strategic approach to curriculum studies is inevitable. Ultimately, the present research, examining the philosophical and psychological fundamentals of this model, sets out to present a comprehensive definition of MDC. This study shows that SCS is a holistic approach and the MDC model is a practically desirable plan of action for the preschool curriculum.

Due to the increasing waste production and the concerns arising from their environmental damage, waste management policy-making is of the utmost importance. The waste is a side product of human activities and includes a variety of household, medical, agricultural, industrial, commercial, special, and hazardous waste. In Comprehensive Waste Management, collection, transport, process, treatment, and disposal of waste are managed to achieve the desired triple environmental, social, and economic objectives of the region. By examining several waste management approaches, this paper emphasizes on waste management policies and strategies such as different service pricing, training, and economic incentives. Besides, the study investigates the policy deficiencies and challenges of waste management law and analyzes legal systems of waste management in some countries. Considering the upstream environmental documents such as the Fifth Article of the constitution and the Five-Year Development Plans of the country, it is stated that the law of waste management in Iran is in the course of its development, and its evolution depends on the further examination of lawyers, and specialists and support of all institutions. As a result, in addition to legal and policy tools, it is necessary to strengthen management, economic, environmental, cultural, and social systems of waste.

Using function notation is very common in science and technology. The vast use of Function notation prompts philosophical analysis to investigate it and brings upon many theories that try to explain this concept. Most of these investigations consider Function notation usage in natural sciences, especially in biology, and they either neglect or disregard this concept in the Technological domain. The main consideration of this paper is Use-plan based function theory (or more commonly known as “ICE Theory”) which is built primarily for the Technical domain. In the beginning, the paper presents a short historical review of the development of function theories. Then, the usual problems of some of these theories in the technology realm are mentioned; and as a result, the motivations for developing a theory of function which is appropriate for the technology domain are described. Origin and foundation of The ICE theory is a theory about Using and Designing of technical artifacts, which is described briefly and suitable for needs of our argument in this article. The main method in this paper and for assessing function theories is, comparing these theories with the intuitions regarding artifacts in particular and technology in general. Then for evaluating function theories, four standards (or four intuitions) are introduced. Moreover, three general technical function theories are introduced. It is shown that each of these theories fails to meet at least one of these criteria. Finally, after presenting a formulation of the ICE theory, it is shown that this theory is consistent with the intuitions presented and has a comparative advantage over the other three theories.

This study aims to provide a bibliometric and scientometrics analysis of the Rahyaft Journal between 2015-2018. It is a descriptive study with a bibliometrics and scientometrics approach. The population of the study is all published and rejected articles by the spring of 2015 to the winter of 2019. The findings show that the acceptance rate in the Rahyaft journal was about 38%, which shows a fairly good acceptation status. Large numbers of published articles are research papers. Authors' trends are in the field of science and technology, functional and modeling analysis, and scientific-point-of-views analysis. Moreover, most of the rejected articles are in the fields of management and knowledge and information science. The University of Tehran and National Research Institute for Science Policy have the largest number of accepted papers. An interdisciplinary variation among the editorial board with 8 different subject areas is appropriate. The online publishing status is not bad, but hardcopy publishing needs more attention. Authors with a Ph.D. degree (63.58%) and Ph.D. and master students (29.62) have produced the largest number of articles. Authors referenced about 43% of Persian sources, 44% of English, and 13% of the other languages like Arabic, French, German, etc. In terms of resource type, research papers have been the most used source.