نشریه مطالعات جمعیتی
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 7، بهار و تابستان 1397)

The basic hypothesis of social networking theory is that important decisions such as childbearing adopted by individuals in their lives can be affected by these networks. Despite the numerous and valuable studies conducted in explaining fertility in Iran, less attention has been paid to the role of social networks in fertility decisions in an independent and coherent way . One of the key questions in this context is that through which mechanisms do social networks influence individual’s fertility intention? Study Sample consisted of 600 ever-married women in urban areas of Bushehr who were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling procedure. The results of the study indicate that by controlling  of  age, number of live  children, education and employment, social networks  have an important influence on women’s fertility intention. Logistic regression showed that social pressure, social contagion and social support have a positive effect on fertility intention, while negative social learning has an opposite effect on women’s fertility intention. Since social networking mechanisms are changing along with the nature of modern life, studying social network across times and spaces is essential for adopting appropriate fertility policies.

Incorrect beliefs about reproductive biology and reduction of fertility potential with age and the exposure of environmental factors can be influential in delaying behaviors of marriage and childbearing particularly among women. This study aims to determine fertility knowledge and predictors among men and women who are about to marry and attend to premarital counseling clinics in Tehran. Hence, a cross sectional study among 204 couples who were eligible was conducted. These couples were selected from among clients of two clinics which provide premarital counseling programs using convenient sampling in 2015. The study instrument comprised of three sections. First section comprised of socio-economic and demographic questions; the second section was the Cardiff fertility knowledge scale (CFKS) which it’s validity and reliability was assessed, and the third section was the questionnaire of Health Literacy of Iranian Adults (HELIA). Results indicated that only 44 percent of men and women had accurate fertility knowledge and a significant difference was evident by gender. Bi-variate analysis indicated that education and health literacy and intention for spacing marriage and first birth has a direct and significant relation with fertility knowledge, while linear regression model showed that after the control of age, only education and health literacy remained as two significant determinants of fertility knowledge. Therefore, some educational intervention based on educational settings and media on fertility and factors affect fertility potential particularly among less educated people and those with lower health literacy is recommended.

One of the important contexts of marriage and family change is the expansion of modernization and its various components in society. The purpose of this article is to examine the process of marriage and family formation in the context of cultural modernization. The research is a survey and the study tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of all students of universities in Golestan province and the sample was selected by stratified random sampling. The sample size includes 400 single and married male and female students. The results of multivariate analysis showed that the components of risk taking, gender equality, and media consumption, have positive (additive) effect and fatalism and religious beliefs have negative (decreasing) effects on marriage changes. From among these factors, risk taking has had greater influence compared to other components. Also, the goodness-of-fit indices derived from structural equation modeling indicate that cultural modernization has an impact on changing the components of the marriage process. As such, a significant proportion of changes in marriage and family formation, especially among young people, are affected by the cultural changes associated with modernization.

Divorce as one of the most serious social problems in recent years has affected Iranian society and created many challenges for the family as one of the main pillars of  the society. In one hand, divorce rates across the country, and on the other hand, in metropolitan areas such as Shiraz, have led us to look for social factors that affect it in Shiraz. The present study was carried out with a sociological approach among married citizens aged 15-59 years in Shiraz. The sample was 380 people that were selected using cluster sampling. Using social exchange theory, homogamy theory, roles theory, gender stratification, and social network theory, the research hypotheses were developed and tested.  The results indicated that independent variables could explain 62% of variations in tendency to divorce. From among all independent variables, the positive perception of divorce (B=0.404), sexual and emotional satisfaction (B=-0.184), surrounding people’s interference (B=0.160) and being female (B=0.115), respectively have had the greatest impact on divorce tendency. The positive perception of divorce as the most important factor indicates that people's mentality (attitude) has a great influence on the divorce tendency. Moreover, multiple regressions showed that homogamy, unmet expectations, duration of marriage, age, couple's education, number of children and spouse income did not have any significant effect on divorce tendency.

With the entrance of women in labor market, employment role have been considered as a new role in front of women’s traditional roles of being a wife and motherhood. In fact, women who have roles of wife, motherhood and housekeeping, with having a job, they have accepted an additional responsibility. Women's employment can have positive and negative consequences for the individual and the family. The aim of this paper is to identify the familial consequences of women’s employment in Yazd city. A qualitative study was conducted using grounded theory approach. The required data were collected through in-depth interviews with 15 employed married women in 2018. The interviews continued to reach the theoretical saturation. The texts obtained from the interviews were analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin data analysis method.
The core category in this paper is “expensive role”. The most important causal condition is “time limitation”. In addition, “quality of couple relationships” and “employed women’s earning management” were considered as the background conditions and “support umbrellas” were emerged as “interventional conditions”. The employment consequences of married women include “improving interactions, satisfaction and relaxation, double pressure, and undermining women's roles”. Strategies that these women use to reduce their expensive role include “time management, managing job tasks, and suppor.

Pension funds' encounter with disproportion between revenues and liabilities and concerns regarding their bankruptcy in the time of "window of opportunity" or "demographic dividend" is a thought-provoking paradox. The balance between revenues and liabilities is attributable to different variables and ascribing all matters to population changes is unreasonable. Premiums received by social security are the main source of its revenue affected by the economic, actuary, demographic and social mechanisms. The aim of this article is estimation and analysis of financial burdens brought about by early mortality of the insured. This estimation and analysis are carried out using multiple life tables and based on administrative data extracted from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME), social security, the censuses in 2011 and 2016. Findings indicate overall four main causes of death (cardiovascular diseases, cancers, metabolic disorders, and unintentional accidents) eliminate 275,000 years of Iranian's life during their economically active ages. Approximately two-thirds of the figure is merely attributable to early mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases and unintentional accidents (each one almost one third). The years of the lost life of the insured aged 15-64 in 2015 has imposed damage about 3306 billion Iranian Rials to social security funds.

Waste picking as an emerging phenomenon has been linked with migration in metropolitan cities of Iran. This article aims to examine waste picking phenomenon as an emerging urban lifestyle in Tehran. The method of research was based on qualitative study using phenomenology approach. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and observation.  A number of forty waste-pickers participated in this study. The data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. The results showed that most waste-pickers are migrants. Majorities were Afghan, and some were internal migrants entered to Tehran.  They had poor education and very poor nutrition. According to the typology, waste –pickers can be categorized into formal and informal groups. Finally, this study showed that waste picking can be known as a new emerging lifestyle in urban Tehran which has been emerged and expanded due to various flow of migration over the last decade.