نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 45 (شهریور 1398)

This article examines the impact of German dependence on Russian gas supplies for Europe’s ability to apply effective sanctions against Russia. It demonstrates that by focusing on the environmental dimensions of energy policy and a policy of rapprochement with Russia, Germany has neglected the security of supply implications of its dependence on Russian gas. The article argues that Germany’s excessive energy dependence on Russia has limited the ability of the EU to challenge Russian revisionism by targeting its energy sector through sanctions. The article makes a number of energy policy recommendations which will be essential for Germany to avoid undue Russian influence on its foreign and security policies. The article concludes by exploring the utility of Neoclassical Realism in understanding Germany’s approach to energy security. In doing so it highlights the dangers of allowing ideology to cloud a sober assessment of the imperatives of the balance of theat.

Although nearly 40 years have passed since the founding of the International Day of Peace, we are still witnessing the emergence of worldwide violators of peace. Once there was a "negative peace" discussion, but today there is more positive peace, and peace simply does not mean the absence of war. The discussion of "seeing" or taking into account entities or individuals is very important. When some individuals or entities feel that they are not being seen, they try to demonstrate themselves, even using violent or terrorist acts. Therefore, the main guilty is the society (whether national or international). The purpose of this study was to explain the status of human rights and training of peace against terrorism. The descriptive-analytic research method along with the comparative and deductive reasoning has been used for data analysis. What can be mentioned as a finding and innovation is that today, war is not the sole enemy of peace, but there are other threats to the peace, including illiteracy, disrespect to one another, the neglect of other individuals or entities (which in turn leads to the frustration of individuals in society and, consequently, their involvement in terrorist groups), human rights violations, injustice, etc. The main question to be raised is what position can be considered for training in countering global terrorism.

In discourse about countering terrorism, the term "radicalization" is widely used, but remains poorly defined. To focus narrowly on ideological radicalization risks implying that radical beliefs are a proxy—or at least a necessary precursor—for terrorism, though we know this not to be true. Different pathways and mechanisms of terrorism involvement operate in different ways for different people at different points in time and perhaps in different contexts. This article explores the problems in defining radicalization and radicalism, and suggests that radicalization—and more specifically, involvement in terrorism—might best be viewed as a set of diverse processes. It goes on to review several potentially promising theories that might support further study of those processes, including social movement theory, social psychology, and conversion theory. Finally, it describes some possible frameworks for understanding how the processes might facilitate terrorism-related behavior.

Citizenship Rights is one of the international community issues and there are currently different policies around the world for its implementation by the governing forces of the society. Observance and protection of citizenship rights are among the social legal duties which the judiciary has to fulfill in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The arm of the judiciary in this particular case is the Judicial Officers who serve in legal and ethical frameworks to promote and maintain justice for citizenship rights. One of the duties of Judicial Officers is revealed at the time of visible and invisible offences. One of the matters with which the Iranian Criminal Procedure Code 2013 deals is the extent to which citizenship rights are upheld at the time of the occurrence of visible and invisible offences. In the present article, it is specified that, first, human rights in Iran are defined in greater social-religious detail than the UN Declaration of Human Rights, and second, the complaints of such a reference can be pursued by the judiciary and other authorities. The judicial duties of the judiciary are to protect the citizenship rights, to uphold the right to life and no disrespect for citizens, and to protect the right to freedom and privacy. In general, citizenship rights are categorized as the fundamental, political, civil, economic, cultural and social rights. Some of these rights apply to individuals when they are found guilty.

For many years the seas and oceans have been used as a way of communication and play an important role in the life of the international community. The fact that the seas are directly linked to the interests of governments is an undeniable fact. One of the major benefits of governments is trade by sea, but given the geographical situation, not all countries have direct access to the sea and the oceans. There are numerous conventions that provide for different provisions on free access to maritime resources, international trade by sea and transit traffic, but the 1982 Convention is the most comprehensive agreement that fully and exhaustively covers maritime rights. The purpose of the present study is to examine the rights and obligations of transit countries in accordance with the 1982 Convention. Lack of free access to the sea and thus to the direct transit, in turn has an impact on the economies of countries. Transit relations between the concerned countries are often in the form of agreements and as a result of negotiations between countries, which largely eliminates to barriers to the landlocked countries' access to the sea and direct transit. Therefore, this study concludes that all countries, both with and without offshores, have rights and duties to establish order in the legal system of the seas and agreements between countries play an important role in establishing that order.

This descriptive study examines the legal problems in the constitution and the non-technical interventions related to the promotion of diplomacy and foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. It has also been studied that Iran's foreign policy needs potentials that, providing favorable grounds, can take it out of the threatening state. These potentials, which are specifically related to constitutional revision, can be achieved in three stages. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the most important legal source of modern times and its decisive role in the complex era of information and communication, has provided the ground for Western governments to draw public attention to legitimizing their actions. It is shown in this analysis that human rights are seen as the only viable way out of foreign policy crises whose implementation is not necessarily compatible with the constitution, and in order to comply with the constitution, many constitutional principles must be amended. The conclusion of this study addresses the benefits of implementing or problems due to delaying these amendments.

The purpose of this article is to examine the cultural and analytical geopolitics of the Yarsanism sect. Undoubtedly one of the most fascinating parts of history is the study of the thoughts and ideas of rituals, and it is pleasant yet essential for us Muslims to study how different interpretations of the Islam evolve and to examine the emergence and development of different sects within this divine religion, and to think about the interplay of the ups and downs of each of these sects with other human contexts such as social, political, economic, and other phenomena. On the other hand, it is impossible and fruitless for our eminent jurists to understand Shiite narratives and inferences without knowing their Sunni backgrounds. Islamic sectology is a science that is committed to expressing theological beliefs specific to the sects emanating from Islam. It only seeks to express the opinions and beliefs of the sects, not to criticize and reject them.