فصلنامه نظریه های کاربردی اقتصاد
سال ششم شماره 3 (پیاپی 22، پاییز 1398)

Using a sticky price dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model, this paper study how the presence of both Ricardian and non-Ricardian households in the economy might affect the effectiveness of the monetary policy on macroeconomic dynamics and the determinacy of equilibrium in Iran. If the household participation in the financial market is not sufficiently big, the slope of a dynamic IS curve becomes positive. In the case of an upward-sloping IS curve, the equilibrium is indeterminant. Based on the degree of financial development in Iran, we estimate the share of non-Ricardian households for two periods: 1990 to 1999 and 2000 to 2017. The results show that during the first period, the share of non-Ricardian household in Iranian economy was 54 percent and the slope of the IS curve was upward. Hence, the model did not have a stable equilibrium during 1990-1999. However, in the second period, with an increase in the level of financial development in Iran, the share of non-Ricardian household decreased to 38 percent. In this case, the dynamic IS curve sloped downward and the model had a stable unique equilibrium. The impulse response functions show that in the second period, a monetary shock has the expected effect on macroeconomic variables including output, inflation, employment, real wage and the growth rate of money base. Our results underscore the role of households' participation in the financial market in the effectiveness of the monetary policy on macroeconomic variables and the determinacy of equilibrium in a dynamic stochastic model.

The purpose of this paper is to define and calculate Iran's monetary and financial sector resilience index. So, according to the existing resilience literature, and using the grounded theory (GT) approach, theoretical saturation was obtained with respect to the resilience components of the monetary and financial sector and Indicator factors were extracted using the bayesian model averaging approach. Five variables were identified in the presence of 22 variables, in the framework of the model's uncertainty and with an estimated three million and six hundred thousand regressions; which include the growth rate of government oil revenues, the fluctuation of the growth rate of liquidity, Risk index, the ratio of bank debt to the central bank to the monetary base and the ratio of government debt to the banking system to liquidity, as non-fragile variables,(this means that it retains its work as an effective factor in the resilience of the monetary and financial sector in the presence of other variables and have meaning). Which shows that because of the probability of a higher uptake, these variables should be considered more than other variables in assessing the effect of monetary and financial sector. The time series of the index of monetary and financial sector resilience is calculated based on the normalized variables of these variables for the period from 1976 to 2016.

The performance of the fiscal policy has always been one of the topics discussed in macroeconomics. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of government expenditures on the current account and the real effective exchange rate in two groups of oil and non-oil developing countries. In this regard, we used Panel VAR method and annual data during 2001-2015. Empirical findings show that the government expenditures shocks on the current account in the two groups of oil and non-oil countries is negative, leading to current account deficits, but in the long run, the current account deficit in oil countries is increasing and in non-oil countries is decreasing. The results also showed that the impact of government expenditures shocks on the real effective exchange rate in the two groups of oil and non-oil countries is different. So that the impact of government expenditures in non-oil countries in the short term will increase real effective exchange rate and in the mid and long term it will decrease, but in oil countries, the government expenditures shocks will increase the real effective exchange rate.

One of the main concerns of economic scholars and thinkers is to predict the behavior of individuals in an economic system. Although economists often use complex mathematical equations for economic analysis, in recent decades due to the weakness of forecasting analyses based on equations and inability of such equations to justify empirical events, economists have used modeling and simulation methods. In other words, they are Looking for ways to justify complex phenomena in the economy as a complex system. In addition to applying complexity theory, this research attempts to introduce a research tool to scholars for the simulation of agent-based research. In this study, we will examine the efficiency of each system by developing an agent-based model based on a No-Ponzi economic system and comparing it with a Ponzi economic model. We will also examine the effects and consequences of some economic behaviors that are contrary to the ethics and teachings of Islam. Comparing the two models, the results indicate that the No-Ponzi model has a better human development index and more social welfare.

According to the BP statistics, The Middle East with almost 40 percent of natural gas reserves is the richest region all over the world and Iran with more than 18 percent is the richest country. It means that Iran can become a great supplier in international natural gas markets. Transferring natural gas through the pipeline or transporting it in the liquefied form are the main options for natural gas trades in international markets. The geographical location of Iran in the Middle East makes it possible for Iran to export natural gas to Europe through the pipeline. In this trade two main issues should be considered. The pipeline should pass through Turkey and Russia as the main supplier has great bargaining power in the market. Trades in the natural gas market are restricted by the pipeline structure. So these markets can be considered a network and pipelines as the links of the network. Jackson (2005) introduced the link-based flexible networks method that can be used for the analysis of cooperative network games. In this paper, the effect of a coalition between Russia and Iran on the relative bargaining power of Iran, Russia, and Turkey have been studied. According to the results, Turkey, as the only available path to Europe, has considerable bargaining power and the coalition between Iran and Russia will have no effect on it. As Iran has no other choice to export natural gas to Europe through the pipeline, the coalition will have no effect on Iran’s bargaining power.

This paper introduces Agent Based Modeling (ABM) approach in social sciences especially in economics. By comparing the restrictions of mainstream economic models to those of agent based models we explain the benefits and capacities of using agent based modeling in economics named Agent based Computational Economics (ACE). Due to this restrictions and over simplifying assumptions in traditional models, sometimes economic policy makers cannot trust the results of these models because those assumptions caused them to be far from reality especially in case of abnormality and non-equilibrium. ACE is one of the so many efforts of economist to reduce this gap between economic models and economic realities. We enumerate some of the economic issues such as non-equilibrium, heterogeneity, learning and bounded rationality, nonlinearity, local interaction, network structure, complexity, aggregation failure and holism, and we explain the capacities of ACE to face with each of these issues. Finally we present a simple agent based model to deal with Markets Where Consumers are imperfectly informed about products quality.

Water of Zayandehrood River is used as rival in the agriculture, industry and domestic sectors of Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari, Isfahan and Yazd provinces. In this study we answer to this question: How water resources must be optimally allocated among these sectors? In this regards game theory, a nonlinear programming model and demand functions in 2013 were used to maximize the consumers’ surplus in domestic sector of all provinces, agricultural sector of Isfahan and Chaharmaha l& Bakhtiari and the industry sector of Isfahan province. The different forms of cooperation as triple and dual form of coalitions were investigated and the existence of core was checked.The results showed that in the cooperative scenario among the different sectors of the three provinces, the consumer surplus will increase 2.95% compare to the non-cooperation scenario. In the cooperative scenario the consumer surplus will be increased respectively 6.1% and 0.09% in the Isfahan and Yazd provinces, whereas decreased 24.49% in Chaharmahal & Bakhtiary province. However, this consumer surplus reduction can be compensated from increased surplus in two other provinces. If the allocation forms in the Shapley structure in triple coalition among the players, the allocation will be located in the core and the automatic mechanism will be created that finally forms the Triple coalition.

mersion of Non-current demands is one of the effects monetary activities of credit institutions. A phenomenon that has a negative impact on the resource and cost cycle of banks. Housing price changes is one of the most important factors affecting on delayed bank demands. The boom and stagnation of the housing sector, can be effective on the repayment ability of the received facility. In this study, using the model (Blundell and Bond, 1998), it is attempting to examine the effect of housing prices on nonperforming loans in the banking sector. For this purpose, a dynamic panel model was used for a sample of 15 banks during the period of 2005-2015 using generalized moments method. In this study, the growth rate of GDP without oil, the rate of growth of housing price changes and the unemployment rate is used as independent variables and the ratio of facilities to assets, the ratio of cost to income, the size of the bank and the proportion of facilities granted to the housing and housing sector to the total facility is used as the factors of inter banking. The results of this study shows that the growth rate of housing price changes and the growth rate of gross domestic product without oil has a negative and significant effect, and unemployment rate has a positive effect on the ratio of non-current demands to facilities.

The present study investigates the relationship between entrepreneurship in industrial sector, economic growth and employment rate in the Iranian economy, using the vector Auto-regressive model, using the Seemingly Unrelated Regression method and short-run Structural Vector Auto-Regressive model. According to the dependence of the Iranian economy on oil exports, sanctions and fluctuations in oil price in recent years have reduced economic growth in Iran. Entrepreneurship in the industry according to the young population of Iran, can lead to increase capacity in manufacturing sector, which in turn can have a positive impact on increasing non-oil exports and reduce the dependence of the Iranian economy on oil revenue. After estimating the model using annual data from 1959 to 2016, the results show that entrepreneurship in industrial sector has a positive effect on economic growth with six lag periods and employment rate with five lag periods in Iranian economy. Therefore, entrepreneurship can have a positive effect on employment and economic growth if new businesses are created for successive periods and not closed for at least six years. Employment rate has a positive effect on entrepreneurship in the industrial sector and economic growth with two lag periods. The results for the short-run SVAR pattern reflect the positive effect of economic growth on employment. Therefore, increasing economic growth can have a positive effect on employment rate in the current period.

Changes in macroeconomic indices and variables such as the decline in GDP, the decline in oil exports, and the exchange rate fluctuation indicate a period of recession in the Iranian economy. In this paper, the Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) and the MH algorithm are used to identify the factors that contributed to this recession during the years 0-1. The studies show that the results of MH algorithm confirm the model estimation results using Monte Carlo Markov chain approach and at 95% confidence level the coefficients of the variables are statistically significant and reliable. Therefore, the most influential variables on the recession were estimated by Monte Carlo approach, exchange rate changes, crude oil prices, and government corruption. The results also show that the Bayes factor matrix for all estimation models is well-reasoned. The later probabilities of regimes and the final exponential ratio show that the change points in the sixth pattern (with variables: exchange rates, crude oil prices, government corruption and productivity) are different from the rest of the models presented, so regime change occurs in this model.