فصلنامه اخلاق زیستی
پیاپی 31 (بهار 1398)

Improving the quality of public service plays an important role in the welfare, the comfort and health of any society. The main goal of this research is to address the principles of free social services such as social and health care provision, respect for the privacy of individuals, personal and police security and the freedom to work and housing. This article addresses Iran and the other two countries, based on the legal rules and jurisprudential law, the necessity of human reverence and justice. In this regard, it has identified and defined the concepts and criteria of social services in both countries. The findings of this study show that in Iranian law, free public social services include educational services and partly social insurance, which is semi-free. In English law, Health care and health insurance are free and semi-free and for some special people they have been using it and provided the services free of charge. These services can be provided by the government and local institutions as well as by the private sector. The basic laws of both countries on the basic rights of public services for citizens and the duties of the government have an almost equal emphasis. But the recognition of these rights in the basic laws does not constitute the availability of these rights to all individuals in personal security and the prohibition of torture, the fact that it is recognized at any time whether there is torture or whether the rules are respected or not, should look at the output of governments.

Child adoption in Iran has always been directly related with the religious beliefs of the society and has had a particular importance since the ancient times up to now. According to the civil law of the society, those children are competent to be adopted whose parents are not identifiable and they cannot return to the warm bosom of their families. One of the most significant and first rights of the orphans and the children suffering from bad parenting as a citizen is their identification and giving their custody and tutelage to individuals who are materially and spiritually competent to protect these children. These children either do not have any parents or their parents are not known or are not competent enough to raise the child. Thus, judicial authorities under the supervision of social institutions give their protectorship to individuals or families whose competency has been already proven based on the social rules and laws. In this study using a descriptive-analytic method we have conducted a research on the citizenship rights of the orphans and the children who are suffering from bad parenting as well as the obligations and duties of the society and child adopters on them according to the legal codes of Iran and Islam resorting to the existing databases and library documents.

Enforcement of penalties in legal schools has been recognized as the bond of law enforcement. Hadd is one of the penalties which are of paramount importance in criminal law of Islamic system. In fact, enforcement of Hudud is of various degrees in view of the nature of crime. Thus, the types and limits of the penalties are already determined by the legislator and the criminal courts proceed to determine the penalties and issue the verdict within the limit determined by the legislator. With regard to the principles of enforcement of penalties and Hudud, in Islamic jurisprudence rules, penalties are considered as a kind of correction of the criminal in which a particular attention has been paid to human dignity and the principles of freedom and justice and not merely to the revenge on the convict. Then, Islam as a nature rite in the enforcement of Islamic penalties has defended human rights and provided the ground for its perpetuation contrary to the claims of other legal systems. In the present study, Hudud enforcement and its relevance to human rights and international codes have been investigated from Islam’s point of view.

Wealth circulation among the rich people is in the sense of circulation of domination over the properties and assessts of society and violation of citizenship rights. Among the striking examples of wealth circulation, one can refer to the exclusive domination of a number of chosen people over natural resources, domination over the economic information stream, determination of commodity prices, domination over money and capital market, domination over imports and exports and international commerce. In the current essay the authors have first analyzed this principle based on Islamic Sharia and jurisprudents and then considered the implementation of this principle to be among the tasks of Islamic state based on constitution and citizenship rights. The principle of denial of wealth circulation is a universal principle whose scope covers all economic activities and even it can be generalized to the interests and revenues resulted from the economic rent and monopoly which have been acquired without further efforts. This principle explains the orientation of Islamic economy in several stages and via different ways relying on the principle of wealth distribution; in the first stage, this principle respects the private ownership and at the same time prevents from wealth monopolization that renders its transaction impossible which is the prerequisite of development. In the next stage by referring to the principle of public nature of wealth and for the sake of administration of economic justice the natural resources and the spoils of war have been given to Islamic state and finally the individuals are obliged to pay part of their legitimate incomes for the interests of the system and overcoming the poverty in the form of tax, khums, zakat, and kafareh.

Citizenship rights are among the necessities of human society and governments make policies about them based on their anthropological foundations. The current study aims at answering the question that what roles do anthropological foundations of secular policy play in the realization of citizenship rights and what is its difference with Islamic foundations? In the present study, the latter issue has been assayed based on a comparative analysis method. The research findings show that the citizens in secular policy are condemned to natural and human law and are selfish and egotist and free from divine values; this policy believes in multifaceted essence of human beings and defends the material interests and power. Thus conceived, citizens seek to reach the utmost pleasure via the domination of reason over the religion and denial of Perfect Man. This materialistic picture of human being has caused the politics to be limited to human material rights and welfare and in this way man becomes bogged down in the swamp of carnal desires; but in Islamic politics, man is defined based on monotheism and human virtues and the world is described as the farm of otherworld. Seen from this perspective, true citizenship freedom can be merely achieved via monotheism. Moreover, all primordial aspects and needs of man are taken into account and everything is arranged for the administration of justice and regulation of individual and social affairs and human worldly and otherworldly happiness. Therefore, Islamic worldview, contrary to secularism, enjoys a comprehensive knowledge of human rights and needs.

From a long time ago, it has been very interesting and tempting to get acquainted with strange sciences. Sorcery is an extraordinary affair that differs from the realization of ordinary ones and cannot be conceived through ordinary and customary assumptions. The effects of sorcery on human beings are of psychological and sometimes physical aspects. The lack of individual awareness and the enticing features of sorcery have attracted people toward this science; this has created a special opportunity for witches to easily benefit from the ignorance of the people. In Islam, sorcery is of certainties that teaching and learning of it is forbidden due to its immoral effects on individual, family, and community. Sorcery has innumerable moral harms. The most important damages that may be mentioned are conflict among people especially between couples, undermining the beliefs of people in society, promoting superstition, and in particular providing a platform for emerging sects. With alcoholic beverages, psychedelic drugs, promoting promiscuity, preventing marriage, and having illegitimate relationships, the sects undermines the foundation of family and causes mental illness, suicide, and delinquency. According to Iran's criminal law, bill 12-225, sorcery is considered a crime and sorcerer is punished, which according to its immoral implications is commensurate with the crime; however, since the purpose of the punishment is to reform the offender to re-enter the community and maintain the interests of society and guarantee its survival, this punishment was removed from the bill of laws. The present study was conducted through descriptive-analytic method and aimed to express the immoral effects of sorcery, while attempting to familiarize the reader with an overview of sorcery culture and its jurisprudential-legal verdict

Cultural right is perhaps the most important element of citizenship rights because they are presented as empowering rights and it can provide ability to monitor on government and on the way of people's lives. In the sense that if a citizen of the Islamic community has a proper understanding of the ethics and cultural principles (dignity of humans, respect for one another and piety ...), is effective in citizens' awareness. Essentially, combining civil rights with morality and virtue is one of the most important factors in human and cultural relations for the survival of a collective life in an Islamic society, which is a precise criterion for knowing the pure actions from the impure. Perhaps in this society, the rights of all citizens, if implemented (in cultural area and in the social dimension) it is a suitable pattern for other countries (in the scope of culture in the international dimension). It also evolves morality and has a special place in civil rights. Therefore, if the principles and rules of the basic principles, which it is include the principle of moderation, tolerance, legality, law and justice, we put as the extent and degree of the actions of the citizens of the Islamic society, In that case, it can be said that cultural maturity completes Islamic citizenship rights. The present study was carried out with qualitative method and research project "Documentary study".

One of the main issues in the development is the extent to which the competencies and talents of the society’s human workforce is properly employed. The women’s participation in various economic, social and other areas is one of the country’s production indices. However, the women and their activities have been always confronted with many challenges in the course of history and there is also currently a large gap in regard of the women’s participation in political areas, as well, between the positions of the women in the Iranian society and the international community. One of the most important strategies is empowering women with an emphasis on the idea that the women’s participation is not solely conceptualized as their enjoyment of the advantages and results of the development plans rather they should actively take part in the implementation of the developmental plans and programs. It seems due to the objectiveness of the political structure and the volume of the political power accumulation that the political structure should be seminally somehow required to welcome the demands for equality. Subsequently, timely decisions can be made for establishing the legal rules that, drawing on the equality of rights and freedoms, can form the basis of the participation-demanding deeds. Considering the existent weaknesses in the participation of the women and the limitations induced on women in the country’s culture and policy-making, the present study aimed at investigating the various aspects of women’s roles, potentials, participation rates and participation-hindering factors disregarding the gender as well as the undertaken and suggestable measures for enhancing the women’s participation through the country’s general policy-making.

This research is a review of the topic of neutrality in the news. In this study, the researchers examined the course of explaining the principle of neutrality of news in the field of communication and media. According to the principles adopted by the international community, news should be presented impartially and without direction, and according to article 19 of the Declaration of Human Rights, everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression, and this right implies that someone It is not afraid of having your own beliefs and is free to acquire and disseminate information and thoughts, with all possible means, and without border considerations, and one of the main factors for realizing this right is observance of media impartiality. Life in today's world is not possible without access to the media, and the media is also required to make the news fair and unfair for the public, and to ensure respect for human rights. With this in mind, researchers in this study, by examining opinions on the neutrality of the news, have also spoken out of neutrality, and the topic of hidden orientation in news has also been examined. What the research results show is that although neutrality has been accepted in mainstream news, this principle has not been respected in many media, and this is against the principles of human rights and civil rights, since human rights are free of freedom of expression and Freedom of expression is not achieved without information that is free and fair and far from orientation. The purpose of this study is to investigate media impartiality and its role in guaranteeing human rights in the media.

In the ecosystem of innovation, attention to the components of temperament and other explanatory variables of this research, based on the structural values of biological ethics, is of great importance. This applied research is analytical and employs a descriptive survey method. In the qualitative section, according to the saturation law and through targeted sampling, 9 university professors were selected and their opinions were used. In the quantitative section, the statistical population of the present study was considered to be unlimited under the research conditions. The statistical sample consisted of 117 participants selected randomly. The researcher-made questionnaire was ordered based on the five-point Likert scale, including very high, high, moderate, low, and very low response options where 33 questions were considered. The face and content validity was confirmed by prominent specialists, and the construct validity was calculated to be more than 0.5. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha (71.8%), which was statistically validated. To analyze the data of the questionnaire from the descriptive statistics and then in the inferential statistics of the fitted model of structural equations using LISREL software shows that when considering the components of culture, mood, and project, we must take caution and consider further research to explain dimensions.

Natural effects and social phenomena are not unchanging, but are the result of a combination of mental patterns, semantic structures, and ultimate approaches. Furthermore, they are constantly changing and are consistent with dialectical interactions, thus relating, limiting, and conditioning each other. Respect for the environment is a sign of the positive impact of citizenship rights on both managers and citizens. By considering the fact that the innovative performance of each country is determined by its national innovation system and due to the developments in the Islamic Republic of Iran, the conditions should be observed in such a way that the priorities of the national innovation management system guarantee sustainable ecosystems and determine, on a larger scale, complex structures. Structuring the priorities of the national innovation management system and the formation of substrates consistent with this structuring is inevitable. By considering the time requirements, capacities and public awareness of the process of growth, development, and progress of the country, the components of national innovation management models will improve by promoting the competitiveness in the country. Furthermore, enhancing the quality and standards of living, ensuring sustainable environment, human resource development, and social development will be reflected in the process cycle of sustainable development standards. The data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire which was ordered based on the 5-point Likert scale, including 5 responses of very high, high, average, low and very low. The statistical population of the study included all individuals in sustainable ecosystems in the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this research, the target sample encompassing all individuals in sustainable ecosystems in Mazandaran province was estimated to be 384 individuals. The data of the research were analyzed and compared using statistical techniques of structural equation and artificial neural network modeling. The findings indicated that all dimensions, components, and variables of the conceptual model of the present research are explained in the prioritization of national innovation management models based on variables of sustainable ecosystems. Future researchers are recommended to use more sophisticated algorithms for the application of structural models to fit systematic models. Since national innovation management models have many complex variables, more advanced methods such as artificial neural networks should be employed to estimate these variables.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Human Resource Individual Development model on organizational performance, professional ethics and citizenship rights. This research was of a practical type with quantitative approach that uses correlation as a research method. The statistical population of this study was Tehran's social security organization managers and employees. Using Cochran's formula, 351 people were selected as the participants of the study. Simple random sampling was used for sampling. Data gathering tools were Hersey and Goldsmith organizational performance questionnaire, Human Resource Development Researcher-made questionnaire, Professional Ethics Questionnaire and Citizenship Rights Questionnaire. Structural equation, Pearson correlation coefficient and t-test were used to analyze the data. The software used in this study included LISREL and SPSS. The results of data analysis showed that the individual development model of human resources has a positive effect on organizational performance, professional ethics and employee rights of employees. The findings of this research can be effective in adopting measures to develop professional ethics, organizational performance, and employee rights.

Organizations are rapidly evolving in the third millennium& Organizations that prioritize their human capital& Pay attention to the citizenship rights, psychological empowerment and organizational commitment are more productive and more successful, in this reaserch, the concepts of citizenship rights, psychological empowerment and organizational commitment are first explored. Then, the impact of psychological empowerment on citizenship is analyzed through the mediating role of organizational commitment.

This research was applied research with a quantitative approach that used correlation method as research method. Data collection tool is library studies and standard questionnaire.

The results of data analysis showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between psychological empowerment and citizenship rights. The psychological empowerment has a direct positive effect on citizenship rights 0.523 and the non direct effect of this variable is 0.82. In general, the effect of the psychological empowerment on citizenship rights 0.605. The mediating role of organizational commitment is confirmed.

The findings of this study can be effective in promoting citizenship rights, psychological empowerment and organizational commitment of employees and ultimately improve organizational performance and productivity.

Today, social media play a key role in the formation of ideas, views and choices of the citizens. In line with this, the current research seeks to study the behaviors of the citizens in Bandar Abbas and Qeshm via an explanation of the model of content marketing focusing on the reinforcement of purchase intention of the customers through social media.

This descriptive-correlational study has been conducted based on the structured equations of 500 retailers across Bandar Abbas and Qeshm. To this end, we have taken advantage of the Grounded Theory in a deep and semi-structured along with the quantitative method based on questionnaire. Statistical population consisted of 500 respondents from among the retailers of Bandar Abbas and Qeshm. To accomplish the descriptive and deductive analyses, SPSS and LISREL software were used.

Simplicity of advertisement has a significant effect on the purchase intention of citizens (significance level: 9.11); shortness of the message has a significant impact on the purchase intention of citizens (significance level: 10.79); advertising message has a significant effect on the purchase intention of the citizens (significance level: 10.51); observation of principles of color psychology in advertising message has a significant effect on the purchase intention of the citizens (significance level: 11.30) and the power of persuasion of the advertisement has a significant effect on the purchase intention of the citizens (significance level: 11.71). The fit model of research with (t-values) Z significant coefficients has resulted from the consistency of the fit model and the statistical population.

Simple design of advertising messages of retailing industry in social media has more effect on the purchase of the citizens. If the content of advertising messages of the retailing industry in social media is designed in a simple yet meaningful way despite their simplicity, it will have more impact on the purchase of the citizens. Moreover, if advertising messages of retailing industry in social media are designed and produced in a succinct and useful manner, they will play a more colorful role in the attraction of citizens. The advertising messages of the retailing industry are better to be designed based on the comparative advantages of the product. Advertising messages of the retailing industry should avoid exaggeration in the social media. Advertising messages of retailing industry in social media should make correct use of the colors based on the principles.

Human being is a social and must adhere to its basic principles in order to live in a community. Citizenship rights are one of these principles that if you forget or neglect it, the society suffered losses and this may leads not to reach its transcendental purpose. Citizenship rights are relatively broad and include civil, political, economic, social and individual rights. One of the areas that can serve citizen rights is the banking. Today, the banking is located in the most important institution of economic, monetary and financial in the country. The needs and expectations of customers in this business are rapidly changing and become complicated. These changes in the money market, on the one hand and the preferences of citizen and customer behaviors, and the increasing use of new technologies, on the other hand, doubled the requirement of the use of customer relationship management in the banking. Customer relationship management in the corporate banking sector provides valuable customer segmentation with a variety of criteria to provide customization of corporate banking and innovation services for these categories of customers and provides for the establishment of a friendly relationship with the citizen, which provides loyalty and a solid profitability for banks. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the backgrounds and implications of customer relationship management in the banking (corporate banking). In this research, the researcher used a qualitative approach, foundation data strategy, open, axial, selective coding in order to achieve the research pattern. Finally, the results of the research are presented in the form of a paradigmatic model that includes 6 main dimensions and 35 subcategories.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been adopted by International Community in order to protect human fundamental and basic rights. Though almost the majority of Islamic countries have accepted this declaration, certain criticisms and objections have been raised as regards some of its articles by these countries and a number of efforts have been made in order revise and reform the challenging and disputable articles. This led to the adoption of Islamic Declaration of Human Rights in Cairo according to which the secular fundamental rights stipulated in Universal Declaration of Human Rights were islamicized. The current essay is an effort for assessment of the numerous efforts that have been made for implementation of Islamic rules in the form of rules and regulations of Islamic Republic of Iran and also among Islamic countries.

Worldwide dispersion of depravity is a crime against security. This title has been used along with waging war against the God in the majority of the former regulations but the legislator has distinguished these two criminal titles in the Islamic Penal Code of Law, passed in 2013, due to the mismatch and discoordination of the majority of its examples with the concept and definition of waging war against the God. However, there are commonalities between these two titles. The material behaviors stated in article 286 of the Islamic penal code of law, have been codified based on jurisprudential substantiations. Some of the examples of worldwide dispersion of depravity have been criticized and investigated as specified in the foresaid article. The capital punishment seems to be not justifiable for some of these behaviors. The high frequency and multiplicity of the material behavior featuring widespread harmful results and outcomes are two prerequisites to the actualization of worldwide dispersion of depravity. Some of the examples like kidnapping have been neglected by the legislator despite the vastness of their harmful effects. There are ambiguities and problems in some of the concepts and terms of the aforesaid article such as "vast" and "widespread" and so forth. In the Islamic government, the citizenship rights like the other rights have been drawn on the rules and regulations of Islam. Thus, the legislator has given legal aspects to the enactment of the rules and regulations specific to the aforementioned rights in adherence to the Islamic jurisprudence and tries devising the required legal mandates in line with guaranteeing the enforcement and fulfillment of these rights. The essential citizenship rights have been excerpted from the constitutional texts and the most important of them are human veneration, life, economic and social rights and public order. Since everything disrupting the public order would be an instance of the worldwide dispersion of depravity that wastes and divests the citizenship rights including the veneration, decency and economic and social rights, the material behaviors of the widespread dispersion of depravity, as its examples and outcomes, contradict these sure human rights. Thus, it is the duty of the governments to come up with the best enactments of regulations thereby to take effective steps for supporting these rights. Iran’s criminal law, as well, serves the protection and revering of these rights.

In Islamic Republic of Iran constitution, we could find principles that refer to ethical and citizenship right issue explicitly or implicitly. Even, we could consider the third chapter of the constitution as citizenship right as the cornerstone of the codifying of citizenship rights charter. The citizenship right related to ethic in two areas. First, these rights could be originated from ethic based on moralism school. Second, ethical standards, which human right and maintaining human dignity are at the top, must be met in the exercising and describing of these rights. Citizenship right is one of the manifestations of being ethic. Some believed that law is one of the manifestations of the ethic and citizenship right is subset of such law. The governments are the best symbol to meet citizenship right ethic. One of the Iran law mechanisms to govern ethic between couples is that a right as man’s asset dividing condition is considered for the wife, i.e. if the divorce is not requested by wife, or the divorce is not based on the misbehavior of the wife and the wife has met all his duties including general and specific obedience, and when divorcing, the man has positive assets which he has no debt, the half of his assets transfer to wife based on legislator. Such condition is an ethical-based law and its goal is that the wife is not faced with social harms after divorcing. Such condition and its legitimacy give security and ethic to marital life of the couples and enhance their relationship, consolidate the family and reduce the divorce level. No doubt, recognizing the condition of man’s assets dividing is in accordance with citizenship rights.

One of the most important components of citizenship rights is the provision of security and prosperity in the economic, social and cultural dimensions. Peasants in the transition from the Sassanid era to the Islamic period were peaceful with Muslims, and they gradually became Muslim. As a result, the masses of the people under their command were also Muslims. Thus, they retained their lives and their belongings and their followers from attacking Arab invaders. Thus, they provided security and prosperity for themselves and their citizens as the role of the interface between the Muslim rulers and the masses of the people. The purpose of this research is the role of peasants in the security and welfare of citizens in the early centuries of Islam. This research is based on library and documentary styles and descriptive-analytical and historical research methods. After reviewing and analyzing resources, this result was obtained that the peasants were caused to ensure and to provide security and economic and social well-being for themselves and their subordinates. They also were caused to preserve the ancient heritage and to transmit them to new era. Therefore, they provided security and welfare of themselves and their citizens relatively and directly, both in the political and economic spheres, as well as in social and cultural spheres, by observing and various good intentions in different times and places.

Social right is one of the components of the rights of citizenship that attend to the welfare and social security of citizens. This right includes: the construction and reconstruction of cities and villages; the existence of various guilds; and the rules and enforcement of laws. The research question is: How was the social right of citizenship during the Timurid period to be regarded as theoretical and practical by the rulers, given the governance structure of this dynasty? Thus, the aim of the study is to explaining the components of civil rights of citizens in the Timurid period. It was used to study the variables of citizenship rights and the Timurid rule, the descriptive-analytical and historical-documentary method according to style of collecting library information. After analyzing the components, these results were obtained: The social right of citizenship or the welfare and social security of citizens under the rule of Timurid was dependent on periods of peace or war. Timurid in the time of peace, for prosperity, they not only did emigrate many architects, artists and industrialists from other cities to Samarkand and Herat; they also issued commemorations for reclaiming the lands and not migrating villagers to other cities. With the flourishing of different cities and places, they were formed different types of guilds, such as architects, artists, astronomers, physicians, tradesmen and industrialists in this period. The current laws on them were based on two customary rules (Yasa Chingiz) and Shari'a (Islamic law); but gradually, in during the Shahrokh era, the laws were only applied on the basis of Islamic religious principles. So, in the period of peace, strict monitoring on the implementation of decrees and laws issued has caused the growth and prosperity of the cities and the prosperity of villages especially in Khorasan. Thereinafter, the guilds flourished. But, with the weakness of the central government and the disorderly resulting from it, it went down to monitor laws and enforce decrees, and this caused to exploit the agents and executives, As a result, the citizens were abused by them. So, the social right of citizens during the Timurid period was in direct relation with the structure of Timurid goverment and central authority.

Human progress in various political and social arenas creates new opportunities and challenges. This subject has led that international laws, including international humanitarian law, to seek for create appropriate laws for new developments. One of these new challenges is Cybercrime attacks, which is due to the increasing spread of technology and the development of cybercaps in various parts of the world, this Attacks are considered as a threat to human life. The main question of the current research is that what are the most important strategies for reducing cyberattacks from the perspective of international humanitarian law? The findings of this study are that Cybercrime attacks, Because of hurting to civilians, are considerable for international humanitarian law. In addition, Due to the increasing number of cybercrime attacks, need to apply the principles of international humanitarian law or to formulate new rules in the face of these attacks, is essential. Meanwhile, In the area of confronting with the effects and consequences of Anti-human rights Cybercrime attacks, Unilateral decisions are not very effective and in this regard, one of the main weaknesses have been the lack of collective agreement on how to manage cyber space. The present research approach is a descriptive-analytical approach which has taken a library Method to collecting information.

Marriage contract as one of the fundamental recommendations of the Islamic religion plays an important role in strengthening the family institution. However, the marriage contract is affected by another category, including Condition non-compliance, that there is a lot of disagreement between Jurists. The condition of non- obey in marriage contract is closely linked to citizenship. Because, at citizenship rights, women's financial independence and their progress in society have been taken into consideration, And on the other hand, Presiding over the man in the family and the right to obey of him, it May cause Limitations for women in the social arena, And affect citizenship rights. The question of this study is how can legitimacy of non- obey condition help to respect the citizenship rights of couples, including women in Islamic society?. From the results of the present study is that Social Necessities To enter women into different political, social and economic spheres, on the one hand, And the emphasis on Islam on respect for the inherent dignity of men and equality for men and women, on the other hand, Caused to consider changes to Condition of non- obey From the perspective of realizing women's citizenship rights as well. Thus, in contemporary life, it is not possible for husband to acquire the right to obey at any time. Because women, in addition to fulfilling their marital obligations, they also participate actively in social and economic activities. Therefore, they prefer to develop their social role while maintaining their marital obligations. Citizenship rights for women can be achieved by legitimizing the condition of non- obey in marriage. The method of the present study is a descriptive-analytical one that information has been collected through documentary and library methods.

This paper refers to deterrence as one of the bases of ethical principles of punitive damage. This is why the question is raised, "how does punitive damage contribute to codification of ethical principles in society by adoption of deterrence approach?" Therefore, this paper aims to highlight the deterrent aspects of punitive damage ethically.

The present survey adopts descriptive-analytical approach so as to attend the deterrent aspects of punitive damage in ethical fields. To do so, data collection is done through library review of main texts, books, papers and surveys on the matter.

Although punitive damage has not been yet acknowledged in Iranian legal laws, there are similar notions like late payment damage, penalty clause, and compensation which act like the notion and contribute to social and individual ethics. In ethical field, punitive damage is based on a deterrent approach which prevents from social violations and offenses and provides people with a model of ethical life in which other members of the society are also inhibited from committing crimes.

Punitive damage with its effective deterrent aspects can develop a new approach to individual and social ethics so as to compensate for socio-economic rights effectively and to prevent undesirable events from happening in future.

Art like other affairs is the issue of law and rights. Rights in the field of art of Iran is less studied by scholars that is due to neglecting sanction of artistic rights in art law. Nevertheless, the charter on citizens’ rights that was notified by the President of Iran on Dec 19, 2016 has focused on this issue and this article analyzed it and the result show that although the text of charter of citizens’ rights in relation to artistic rights in its draft is more weaker from qualitative and quantitative point of view; according to shortage of law about this topic, specially rights of participate of cultural life and artistic freedom of expression is developed and does not have merely cumulative approach.In spite of having moderate mode for rights of "artistic associations, and material and moral property of artistic works" and in the "Right to Education and right to free choice of employment" the first deraft was eliminated. Also it is recommended a separate charter of artistic rights, for stability and improving right of artistic self-determination.

Fair judging is one of the fundamental criteria in legal proceedings that are of interest to different legal systems. In this regard, examining the personal and psychological factors of the judge and the social environment can be considered as influential factors in legal proceedings. The main purpose of this article is to examine the role of judicial ethics in legal proceedings.

A descriptive-analytical approach is used to examine the impact of judicial ethics on legal proceedings. In this regard, the analytical approach requires to gathering information and data from different sources which has been done in a documentary and library way.

The most important research findings Based on that judicial ethics during a trial can affect the trial process in different ways. Accordingly, the judge can be directly and indirectly influenced by internal and external pressures, during trial and at time of sentencing, Such as emotions, intellectual concerns, social conditions, media create space, and even moral and financial corruption.

The dynamics of judicial ethics in light of these solutions, including guidance by judges and Find out the reason of the judges, it directly affects on Companions of civil strife and subsequently leads to beneficial outcomes, including tangible writs and a reduction in the number of lawsuits and the avoidance of Prolonged Proceedings.