نشریه کارافن
سال شانزدهم شماره 45 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

The concept of smart city implies the structure, system, and identity of the populations that make telecommunications technology come to life. In these biological complexes, actual and actual communication and activities become predominantly virtual. As a result, forms and spaces also find new geometric, conceptual, and conceptual formats. Urban planners and designers are seeking to solve urban problems and phenomena by designing smart residential neighborhoods, networking smart roads and public places. One of the pillars of the problem reduction in smart cities is to solve the problems of urban public transport. One of the most important issues in developed and smart cities is the relationship between smart city and how to utilize modern systems along this route, which reduces the problems of urban transport and the problems facing it. Therefore, it is necessary to know the context and the necessities and advantages of these systems. In this regard, after introducing the main goals of smart city, we analyze the advanced systems in the transportation system. Transportation in smart cities is one of the most important things that can lead to modeling the structure of smart cities. Therefore, the present study is an attempt to present suitable transportation system solutions in smart city after reviewing urban transportation systems. Documentary and library studies including the study of books and related articles have been used to collect information in this study. Due to the nature of the subject, descriptive-explanatory research method has been used and finally a necessary conclusion and conclusion have been presented.

Delay and cost over and the main obstacle in nearly every large project. It is understood that even in some cases it can affect project life and stocks value; reducing profit of contractor and employer. The most construction company lack an appropriate process for risk management. For some the deprivation of necessary working culture withheld them from proper implementation of risk management. Therefore, the present study identifies the risk through literature review and case studies and then calculates the risks according to the results of a questionnaire that sent to experts and project managers through fuzzy RPN and FMEA methods. Finally, risk factors that are not within the standard range are analyzed through FTA and ETA methods and their probability of reduction is estimated. The relevant model is applied to a large construction project and its results are described in this article.

Iran is a land of seven thousand years old civilization, one of the oldest civilizations of the ancient world, because of its rich cultural and artistic history, there are many monuments, most of which are in high seismic danger areas. Bam Citadel was built in the 5th century BC and covers an area of 180,000 square meters was located on the Silk Road, one of the world's largest adobe structures. The superstructure and valuable damaged during the earthquake and unfortunately it was destroyed more than 80 percent. In other words, one of the lessons that can be learned from the Bam earthquake is that the historic adobe structures are extremely vulnerable. Therefore, due to its rich history and rich artistic heritage including architecture, masonry and pottery, the need to preserve remains of the past is felt more and more. In this article, after highlighting the importance and necessity of preserving historic adobe structures, their architectural features are discussed. The next step will be discussed the seismic performance of historic adobe structures and methods of the seismic retrofit and restoration of them investigated. Finally, studies on the retrofitting and restoration of adobe structures will be reviewed.

The present study is intended to illustrate the role of reflection coefficient (B) in the linear static method, (B) is a conversion function whose input is accelerated rock bed motion and its output is accelerated earth motion. to understand properly how seismic methods work and to properly evaluate information based on physical principles governing wave propagation characteristics, which can include the generation, transmission, absorption, and irregularities of waves in terrestrial rocks as well as reflection, fracture and The main axis of the waves are out. the purpose of this study was to investigate the soil material in earthquake forces applied to the structure and the importance of reflection coefficient in the control of the structure. in this research, steel structure with one-way bending frame system with reflection coefficient in accordance with standard 2800 - Fourth Edition and again with real reflection coefficient of Gorgan city was analyzed and plotted. the results showed that the average displacement of its classes decreased by 53.3% on average, and its drift decreased by 25.3%.

Today, the explanation of the motive for criminal acts in the mind of the perpetrator is the range and conditions that lead to the perpetrators and the opportunity to create the crime and thereby facilitate the commission of the crime. Therefore, attention to the role of the environment and heart of the city is important in reducing and preventing urban crime. The main objective of the research is to measure urban spatial texture in order to identify insecure environments in the neighborhoods based on the analytical model. The present research is an applied and descriptive-analytical method. The method of data collection in the field of field studies is survey method. The data collection tool is a questionnaire, checklist, and objective observation. The results of the research show that factors such as the environment, lack of access to urban services, tissue erosion and lack of diversification of the environment are the most important factors in reducing the security environment in the neighborhoods of Ilam.

In as much as constructive projects budget is mainly used for administrative expenses, executing a project requires an appropriate contractor to be able to prevent unnecessary increase in executive expenses and finish the project on the estimated time and resources and with the expected quality, and Prevent the depletion of national resources of particular importance to the country. In addition, different quantitative and qualitative indicators with varying degrees of importance are to be taken into account in choosing an appropriate contractor. In this paper, first Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) which is one of the most comprehensive methods designed for decision making with multiple indexes is elaborated upon and then we describe the method of selecting the appropriate contractor among the contractors present in the tender for the implementation of a construction project using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on the prioritized indicators.

Water level difference on both sides of earth dam provides seepage of water from body and foundation of dam. Various methods such as the implementation of a clay blanket, cutoff wall and combination of them are used to reduce seepage from the foundation of earth dam. In present study, Seep/w software was used to investigate the seepage from the foundation of earth dam under the influence of clay blanket, cut-off wall and combined method of them. The results showed that combination of clay blanket and cut-off wall with full height by the end of permeable layer was not significantly effective compare to case without clay blanket and reduction in seepage (percentage) was almost identical in the both cases. But if clay blanket is used with incomplete cut-off wall, reduction in seepage will be doubled compared to the use of incomplete cut-off wall without clay blanket.

Additives have been widely used in asphalt concrete in recent decades, most notably nanocloisite and polypropylene fibers. These additives have been used in civil engineering, especially pavement, to improve the physical and mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures. In this study by adding different percentages of nanocloisite and polypropylene fibers separately and jointly in asphalt mix and performing Marshall tests, data analysis and drawing of necessary graphs, it was observed that these additives increase with Marshall resistance, percentage of space. The asphalt mix vacancy and the percentage of vacant stone materials have a direct and psychological relation, the percentage of bitumen space and the specific weight of the inverse ratio. In the meantime, the composition of nanocloisite and fibers had the greatest effect on the properties of the asphalt mixture, then the nanocloisite individually and finally the fibers had the least effect on the mixture. According to the results and the specification limits, the optimum percentages for the composition of nanocloisite and fibers, 3% nanocloisite and 0.3% fibers were obtained, which had the best effect on the asphalt mixture conditions. The results indicate that nanocloisite has a high filling role, improves the adhesion between the bitumen and the aggregate, resulting in an increase in bitumen volume and eventually increases the bitumen membrane thickness around the aggregates. The fibers are also reinforcing, absorbing materials and bitumen, and react with the chemical mixture.

Nowadays, based on the rapid growth of population, urbanization and industrialization of cities, the huge amounts of solid waste are generated daily in developing countries, which management of these wastes has become a serious challenge for environmentalists and municipal officials. A considerable proportion of the solid waste is related to the plastic waste, which just a little portion of them will be recycled. One of the alternative ways for recycling plastic wastes is to use these wastes in the concrete productions. So, assessing the engineering properties of this kind of concrete for using in different civil targets is essential. For this purpose in the current paper, attempt has been made to study the effects of adding various types of plastic waste on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete by evaluating the results of experimental data. Although results show that the addition of plastic waste particles in the concrete mixture leads to the decrease of mechanical properties, but this composite concrete can be used in the several structural and non-structural applications and also considered as a practical idea to entrepreneurship.

Art and architecture are mainly the product of community culture rather than that of one or more individuals decision . Being content with the bodies recognition and their form and neglecting their link with the cultural context , leads to the superficiality . It is written in logic that two opposites can not be combined . Aristotle's logic also confirms the dualism , the distinctions , the varieties and the differences . while it seems that god's adjectives and dualities in the world and the mystical thinking , confirm coincidence of opposites . Also in Christian and Taoism mysticism , coincidence of opposites , is also accepted . It also exist in the new hermeneutics . Rumi knows the opposites and the coincidence of opposites from the principles of creation .The Principle of combination and the coincidence of opposites can be seen among all the world's phenomena.
The purpose of the present research is to prove the coincidence of opposites in the essence of mystical thoughts and its impact on the essence of art and architecture and to find the case studies . In this regard , based on the qualitative method and the strategy of logical reasoning , we study the principle of the coincidence of opposites in the essence of mystical thoughts and its art and architecture manifestations and study the contrasting qualities in their case studies . The results of the research show that the coincidence of opposites in the universe , is theology and one of the principles of creation. The theology that after penetrating in to the society gradually has turned in to the norm , the value and the taste and has consciously and unintentionally emerged in art and architecture

In the present study, the use of wheat straw fibers and industrial wood particle as a renewable lignocellulosic resources for manufacturing particleboard was investigated. For this purpose, urea formaldehyde resin was used at two levels of 10% and 12% based on the dry weight of the raw material. The cake was compressed by a hot hydraulic press at a pressure of 150 bar for 12 minutes at 150 ° C.Then physical and mechanical properties of samples such as water absorption and thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours immersion in water, internal bonding, modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture were evaluated according to EN310. The results showed that the wheat straw fibers increased water absorption and swelling thickness of 2 and 24 hours due to increase in hydrophilicity; That is, the effect of the type of lignocellulosic material on the thickness swelling of 2 and 24 hours depended on the percentage of resin used. Application of industrial wood particle fibers in comparison to wheat straw particles decreased significantly water absorption and thickness swelling of 2 and 24 hours. Remarkable decrease in water absorption of 2 and 24 h was observed with increasing resin content. The internal bonding of samples made with industrial wood particle showed a significant increase compared to the samples made with wheat straw. Modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture of samples made with wheat straw increased significantly due to the greater compression of straw particles during pressing.

The main purpose of this Article is to provide an assessment for the potential use, outcomes and impacts of employing new media art technologies as one possible and viable instrument of effective teaching with particular emphasis on technical, vocational and skilled training in higher education. The researchers have specifically examined the five new media art technology-based teaching interface including: virtual reality, augmented reality, simulation, computer games; and sensitive multi-media environments with respect to their appropriateness and scope based on the model proposed by Bates and Poole in a bid to assess the effectiveness and influence of media-based education mapped by the framework used in SECTIONS model. The framework used is the SECTIONS model, which stands for: Students, Ease of use, Costs, Teaching functions, Interaction, Organizational issues, Networking, Security and privacy.
Made use of these eight major criteria as guidelines to select an instructional media-based technology through setting a set of appropriate questions and ensuing careful analysis, assessments and evaluations the result of which would lead to help inform an instructor/assessor when making decisions about which media or technologies to use. The outcome of this research study whilst illustrating the emphasis put on various factors and criteria influencing media selection and technologies for teaching and learning, puts forward propositions for the optimal use of media available.