پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 54 (بهار 1398)

With the rise of the Safavids(907-1135 AH)and the spread of Shiism in Iran,a turbulent period of conflict with the Sunni Ottomans began(1222-1922)One of the issues that always exacerbated the hostility of the two countries was the issue of Hajj and how the Ottomans treated Iran's pilgrimage.As the land of Hejaz was under Ottoman rule and the Iranian pilgrims had to pass through their territory to go to the Hajj,they encountered many difficulties along the way and on the land of Hejaz.So that they were sometimes even forbidden from performing the Hajj.During this period, the differences between the two governments made the Hajj an arena for Shia and Sunni divisions. Both governments attempted to politically exploit this religious ritual by relying on the hajj issue.They tried to show Islam their friendship and gain legitimacy for themselves. In this descriptive-analytic study,we examine how the Iranian Hajj with emphasis on the relationship between the Safavids and the Ottomans is concerned, and whether the relationship between the two governments has influenced Iranian pilgrimage.Or was the pilgrimage to the Hajj beyond political and religious strife? The findings of this study show that the pilgrimage of Iranians in the tenth and eleventh centuries was overshadowed by the Safavid and Ottoman political relations.

The formation and development of the emirate system and its functioning in the history of Iran is of Islamic significance. The system of emirates as a political structure in the Middle Ages and in an era in which the Iranian identity was in crisis has led to the revival and continuation of Iranian identity. In this regard, considering the role and position of the Emirate system in the continuity and continuity of Iranian identity, this paper tries to answer this important question: the Emirate system as a symbol of the political system and the historical interlude of Iranian society in the third to fifth centuries What kind of special efforts did they revitalize and strengthen the Iranian identity? The results of this paper, which have been carried out with the usual descriptive-analytic approach in historical research, suggest that Emirati systems such as Samanids, Ghaznavids and Albayeh, utilizing historical and cultural factors as well as in the light of Islam in restoring identity The Iranian people have been struggling to persuade the Iranian identity in the shadow of the Emirate system and in the context of Iranian culture and society during Islamic period.

Formal works in Muslim historiography were written mostly by the order of the rulers, legitimizing their rule as a result. However, there were some Muslim historians who tended to take an independent and critical style of work. Badauni, the historian of the Mughal court who spent most of his time in the court of Akbar, is one of those men who have a special style of historiography. In his reports of his contemporary events, Badauni almost pays attention to every aspect of whatever happens such as historical, philosophical, sociological, economic, and anthropological ones. This article surveys Badauni,s Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh to study his style of historiography beside delivering required contextual clues. Unlike his contemporaneous historians, Badauni criticizes the government,s economic and social policies as well as the official and ethical corruption of the court elite. He also tends to sociological analyses, when reporting the events inside the society and among the folk

Iran’s government has taken steps to obviate lack of teachers, which was a long-term problem through its history. Although, at the end of Qajar era, normal schools were established to educate teachers, soon afterwards, in the middle of the reign of Reza Shah, their place took by training colleges. Until the end of the reign of Reza Shah, the number of teachers was not consistent with the number of educational centers and students. Since 1941 up to 1954, due to criticize government and the structure of ministries, the educational system has been also criticized so that some changes were made. To obviate the lack of teachers and increase in the number of students, government has taken steps whose circumstances shall be analyzed as the main subject of this study. Based on documentaries and librarian resources and with the aid of historical analysis method, we shall explain circumstances of the educational system and government’s proceedings to educate and provide teachers throughout of 1940s. The results show that, in the cabinets appointed after Reza Shah, much more attention was paid to the issue of teacher training so that, by various measures, lack of teacher was resolved to some extent. Furthermore, it was an important factor in expanding literacy and interest in education.

Review: Among the instruments of conflict and tension in the relations of companions with the Prophet (PBUH) and Imams, one can mention financial affairs. In order to identify the family of the infallibars in facing these kinds of tensions by searching in library resources and inducing conflicts arising from financial affairs in the relations of companions with the Prophet (PBUH) and the Imams, the ways and means of conflict and the way these religious leaders confront conflicts Attention has been paid. Conflicts that have been shown to be inappropriate financial, conflict, betrayal, sectarianism and plotting on the life of Imam Khomeini, and the infallibles tried to guide them, restore the wrongdoers, refuse to make false claims, supervise and inspect, and ... They will prevent or control. Among the instruments of conflict and tension in the relations of companions with the Prophet (PBUH) and Imams, one can mention financial affairs. In order to identify the family of the infallibars in facing these kinds of tensions by searching in library resources and inducing conflicts arising from financial affairs in the relations of companions with the Prophet (PBUH) and the Imams, the ways and means of conflict and the way these religious leaders confront conflicts Attention has been paid. Conflicts that have been shown to be inappropriate financial, conflict, betrayal, sectarianism and plotting on the life of Imam Khomeini, and the infallibles tried to guide them, restore the wrongdoers, refuse to make false claims, supervise and inspect, and ...

The legitimacy and acceptance are modern and new words. Although these words not used during ancient ages but its concepts had special significance for the kings. The terms " admissibility or qualify " can be described as the best alternative for concept of legitimacy during ancient times. The Achaemenid Empire, one of the largest empires in the ancient world, ruling over ancient large urban centers of civilized world that had long history in the governing and managing, was much more than the Achamenians. The fact that the Achaemenids how was able to satisfy the civilized nations under their reliance, and take legitimacy for crown prince among other princes. Second matter is as important as first. These cases wasn’t studied before our research. Based on the study of the inscriptions of the Achaemenid kings, it was found that a complex set of factors played a role in this matter, such as: Divine Verdict, Descent, Positive Moral Characteristics, Intelligence and Politics, Warrior Victory and Avoiding lying. These most important factors lead that after war and military conquering other regions, people accept victor kings as theirs, and obey the commands without military pressure or forces.

The displacement of the tribes and the inhabitants of the states and provinces or their elders into different parts of the country was one of Nader Shah's constant politics, which continued from the beginning to the end of his life. This paper, using a descriptive-analytical method and collecting data through the library, seeks to answer the following questions why Nader Shah took this policy? What was its consequences for the Afshari government? It has come to the conclusion that immigration policy was carried out for various reasons, including tribal punishment or consolidation of the foundations of government, but displaced persons did not feel at all in the new region, and dissatisfaction such as blood poisoning and Infected, in the veins of the community,this factor, which was one of the features of Nadir Shah Afshar's country, was very effective in the uprising of this period, along with other factors, such as the lack of political legitimacy and the attempts by the domestic astronomers and foreign governments.