Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection
Volume:6 Issue: 2, May 2019

The resistance pattern of uropathogens is increasing very rapidly because of the unsorted, insufficient, and incoherent usage of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pandrug-resistant (PDR) uropathogens which were isolated from the urinary tract infection (UTI) cases in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

In this cross-sectional study, a total of 21167 urine samples were collected from January 2016 to December 2018, followed by using conventional methods, as well as Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for urine culture and susceptibility, respectively. Finally, SPSS software was utilized to analyze the obtained data.

From among 21167 urine samples, 2469 (11.66%) cases were bacteriologically positive. In UTI cases, males proportion were higher compared to females (in ≤ 10 and > 60 to ≤90 years age groups) and females in the age groups between 10 and 60 and >90 years suffered more than males (P<0.05). In addition, 172 (7.0%), 1337 (54.2%), and 845 (34.2%) cases were identified as XDR, single drug-resistance (SDR), and nondrug-resistance (NDR), respectively. Although the number of female XDR cases was higher than males, the percentages of male cases were higher compared to female cases in this study. The most predominant drugresistance cases (18.7%) were found in the age group between 21 and 30 years (P<0.05). Eventually, the isolates of Escherichia coli were the most prevalent cases that carried XDR (5.4%) and MDR (39.7%).

In general, it is extremely alarming to increase XDR and MDR uropathogens. This bacterial resistance can be prevented through control measures that limit the spread of resistant bacteria and the regular monitoring of this resistance phenotype of uropathogens, along with the rational use of antimicrobial therapy.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is considered as one of the most common diseases encountered in medical practice. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria responsible for UTI among under five-year-old children.

A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Bonassama District Hospital of Douala, Cameroon. Sociodemographic and clinical information was documented, followed by collecting urine samples for bacteriological examination and antibiotic sensitivity test.

The prevalence of UTI was 32.25% (129/400) and girls were more infected than boys (57.4% vs. 42.6, P=0.007). In addition, Escherichia coli (41.08%) and Enterobacter cloacae (18.6%) were the main bacteria which were isolated in this study and the resistance rates of E. coli isolates were higher for penicillin and second- and first-generation cephalosporins. This pattern was similar for E. cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae as well.

Overall, UTI is still a major public health problem in Cameroon.

Dogs, especially stray dogs, act as the major carriers of different infectious and parasitic agents in the environment; hence, their possible transmission to humans is a public health concern. The principal aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infections in stray dogs of rural regions of Hamadan, West of Iran.

During this cross-sectional survey in 2018, 180 blood samples were evaluated for the presence of antibodies to N. caninum and T. gondii using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Seroprevalence of N. caninum and T. gondii infections was detected to be 5% (95% CI: 2.8-8.2%) and 35% (95% CI: 28.1-41.9%), respectively. In addition, coinfection was detected in 2.8% of animals. No significant differences were found between infection rate, sex, and age of animals regarding both parasites (P>0.05).

This study provides the first insight into the infection of dogs in a region with the prevalence of N. caninum and T. gondii

A zoonotic disease of global importance known as "Q fever" is caused by Coxiella burnetii agent. The aim of the present research was to determine C. burnetii in the traditional and industrial butter and cream samples in Shahrekord, Iran.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from March to September 2016. Totally, 200 traditional and industrial butter and cream samples were collected from retailers in different regions of Shahrekord and then tested for C. burnetii via nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays.

In this survey, a total of 6 out of 200 samples (3%) were found to be positive for C. burnetii. More precisely, 4 (5.79%), 1 (5%), and 1 (2.56%) samples were related to the traditional bovine cream, traditional sheep butter, and traditional bovine butter samples, respectively. Nevertheless, no C. burnetii infections were found in the industrial butter and cream samples.

These results proved that traditional dairy products can be considered as an important reservoir for C. burnetii infection in Iran.

The main purpose of the present study was to identify the qualified probiotic strains of traditional sourdough and to find stable Lactobacillus strains with enhanced antibacterial/antagonistic activity and without antibiotic resistance.

Sixteen strains were isolated from traditional sourdough and their susceptibility was evaluated toward a number of different antibiotics. In addition, the isolated strains were assessed with respect to their probiotic properties, antagonistic activity, and resistance to low pH, bile salt, different NaCl concentrations, and low storage temperatures.

Based on the results, although none of the strains had considerable antibiotic resistance, they showed significant antagonistic activity against 6 different pathogens. Among the isolates, H3a and K3b were the most resistant to low pH and bile salt (0.3%) and demonstrated most hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, and coaggregation characteristics. It was also observed that the strains could produce strong biofilm and were viable at 1%-10% NaCl concentrations, as well as at 4° C and -20° C. Finally, the sequencing results revealed that these 2 strains had the highest homology to Lactobacillus plantarum based on the 16S rRNA gene.

The present data confirmed the safety of Lactobacillus content of the traditional sourdough and the unique probiotic properties of these strains.