فصلنامه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی
پیاپی 58 (پاییز 1399)

Greenhouse emissions from agricultural as a consequence of human activities are causing climate change. Small changes in agricultural practices have a large potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Intention of Agriculture Experts in order to mitigation climate change Can play an important role in finding appropriate solutions for each region in climate change mitigation and deliver them to their farmers. However Intentions to take mitigation actions are, most likely, influenced by a range of factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate of factors influencing on Agriculture Experts in order to mitigation greenhouse gases. This research in terms of purpose is an applied research and in terms of methodology is survey research. The statistical population of this research consisted of 520 Agriculture Experts in Khuzestan Province. A sample of 320 persons was selected through Random Stratified Sampling method. The survey instrument was a questionnaire which its validity confirmed by experts. The reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α= 0/67-0/87) has been approved. Our analysis reveal, direct experience were predictors of risk perception, self-efficacy and environmental attitude. The changes in self-efficacy and environmental attitude were also strong predictors of changes in intention.  The variables of self-efficacy and environmental attitude could predict 61 percent of variations in willingness to mitigating climate change. Therefore experience indirectly affected on the mitigation intention. Lastly we provide recommendations on how these findings can be used to climate change mitigation.

The concept of the city's landscape is connected with the objectivity and subjectivity of that city. Therefore, in order to manage this concept at night, in addition to functional-physical manifestations of the city, we should focus on the perceptual issues of citizens, which may have roots in their ancient identity, religion and customs. By accepting this hypothesis, a suitable model for night-time urban landscape management should be considered as a model that reveals both the physical and functional aesthetics of the city, as well as the perceptual and psychological components of the citizens from the night view. Nowadays, with the expansion of night life, the concepts of the quality of the location of urban landscapes at night has became as important as day. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between lighting and the sense of dependency that is one of the key factors in location's quality and the role of new lighting technologies in promoting the Social-physical concept of sense of dependency and its impact on the transformation of the environment into a more humane urban environment. The research is a survey in which, for data gathering, a questionnaire with different images of the study area has been distributed among the selected statistical population. The findings indicate that the vitality and subjective image's of citizens are directly related, and the amount of lighting and its color and the way of lighting have a positive effect on urban nightlife.

The present study is descriptive-analytical and for the purpose of application. The main objective of the present research is to develop a combination of quality of life indicators for neighborhoods in District 2 of Mashhad. The required information was obtained from the municipality of Mashhad and the questionnaire was used. According to the population of Region 2 in 1395, which is 513365 people, according to the Cochran formula, 383 questionnaires were arranged. The questionnaire was completed after the preparation and implementation of experts' opinions by referring at the level of the studied sites. The required criteria were prepared and standardized in the form of spatial information in the GIS environment. Economic, social and access areas were selected as the main criteria for research and were identified for each of the following criteria. Subsequently, using spatial analysis and multi-criteria decision making model (ANP), the final quality of life index was derived from the integration of indicators. The results indicate a good quality of life in the central neighborhoods, and there are no marginal areas of desirable quality. It also increases the level of quality of life in the vicinity of the recreational centers and follows the spatial patterns. Part of the margin of the agent's neighborhoods, the martyr Basir and Hedayat, which are the marginal areas of the study area, are not in the best of all three territories; and other neighborhoods due to easy access to public services, including health services, training, and facility focus Modern welfare has a better quality of life than other neighborhoods, of which 11675700 square meters, which is equivalent to 30 percent of the area of ​​the study area, has a very good quality of life. Also, sites that are very low in terms of economic and social indicators are moderate in terms of access. In the following, the results of spatial statistics tests (spatial spatial correlation and J statistics) indicate the distribution of the cluster model of quality of life. In other words, quality of life indicators do not have the same spatial distribution in the study area.

Water is one of most important human needs for life. According to importance of subject, discussion of management and utilization of water resources has become one of the most important global issues. Remote sensing data are often used in water body extraction studies and type of remote sensing data used plays an important role in water body extraction. In this study, ability of Landsat satellite with application of water indices, to extraction of Gamasiab River in Kermanshah and comparing these indices have been investigated. Specific feature of Low width and shallow rivers has increased the complexity of studies of such rivers using available data. Water body extraction from remote sensing images has been over the past two decades. Water indices were first developed using Landsat TM and Landsat ETM. But its better performance in Landsat 8 is well documented by the researchers. In this study, NDWI, MNDWI, AWEI_nsh, AWEI_sh and WRI indices were used. With extracting optimal threshold from histogram of indices and applying this threshold, the study area was classified into two classes of water and non-water. Then overall accuracy and kappa coefficient values were taken from each of the indices. Finally, AWEI index with overall accuracy of 99.09% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.98 was the best response among the indices in the study area. The results this study showed that approach can easily extract water from satellite imagery.

Urban development and air pollution are among the most important issues related to climate. The expansion of urbanization and urban development, population growth, industrial development and excessive use of fossil fuels significantly increased air pollution and it is more than the capacity of the environment. In our country, the emissions of air pollutants in some metropolitan areas have reached a dangerous level, Mashhad is considered to be the most polluted cities of the country in some days of the year. Nitrogen dioxide is one of the indicators of air pollution. In this study, the OMI data and atmospheric parameters such as wind, surface temperature, and horizontal visibility data for the period from 2004 to May 2016 were used to investigate the air pollution in Mashhad. The results show that the maximum (minimum) nitrogen dioxide levels occur in the cold (hot) season. The highest amount of nitrogen dioxide in January is equal to 5.56 × 1015  molec/cm2 and its lowest value in September is 4.18 × 1015  molec/cm2. Standard deviation of nitrogen dioxide also indicates that the greatest changes occur in cold seasons. Also, the results showed that the dominant wind in the city of Mashhad is from the south, and most of the winds are slow. Correlation coefficient of nitrogen dioxide with wind and surface temperature is -0.36 and -0.57, respectively, which shows the higher importance of temperature in nitrogen dioxide changes in Mashhad city. The correlation coefficient of nitrogen dioxide with horizontal visibility is -0.15, which indicates that with increasing nitrogen dioxide contamination, horizontal visibility decreases. Spectral analysis of least squares of the six and twelve-month periods of rotation was observed, they were also statistically significant. After eliminating the significant components of the time series of the average monthly nitrogen dioxide, the trend was calculated. The amount of nitrogen dioxide in each year for Mashhad was 2.41 × 1013  molec/cm2.

Strategic management, program coordinator, which is comprehensive and continuous link with the environment and your organization's top talent, the goal of the organization is managed in a proper implementation.  Tuday One of the most important challenges facing large cities is transportation within the city. Lack of strategic planning for urban transport systems also joint ventures that replicate community infrastructure, causing disharmony and conflict with each other and the system, and may have problems connecting subsystems to encapsulation create. The aim of study was to evaluate the performance of systems based on the objectives of the trip and provide transportation Kerman trips and absorption of production / traffic area in planning. Research, analytical - descriptive using traffic assignment models, production, distribution and absorption and to help GIS software and topsis. The results show: Areas 6, 7, 8, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 and 42 within the central Kerman, attracting more travel than their neighboring areas.

The migration of young people and the aging of rural communities, for reasons such as poverty and unemployment, will create a lot of need for identifying new approaches to the survival of rural communities. Small business entrepreneurship has an important role in reducing poverty and, ultimately, rural development. However, this kind of entrepreneurship faces many challenges in terms of environmental, economic and ... The purpose of this research is to examine the challenges of entrepreneurship in improving entrepreneurship, creating employment and sustainable income through setting up small businesses. The present research is aimed at applying the field of observation and control, and in terms of the nature and method of descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study consisted of rural households living in Bijar. According to the census of 1395, the population of this city was 89,162 persons, which according to the distribution of 44% of the rural population and 56% of the city. There are also 283 rural villages in the seaside district, among which 12 villages have entrepreneurship and 244 of them are households using the modified Cochran formula. Data gathering method was library and field questionnaire (questionnaire). In this questionnaire, individuals were asked to identify the importance of each of the identified challenges in rural small business based on the options of this spectrum (high, high, medium, low, and very low) based on the Likert spectrum. Structural Equation Modeling (Factor Analysis) has been used for analyzing data in Amos software. The results of the research show that all challenges in the entrepreneurship of small businesses have been affected, but economic factors with factor load of 0.91 have the highest impact among existing challenges and the individual and social challenges with factor load are 0.23 and 0.28, respectively. The least load has been the factor.

The real world has been created of extremely complex mosaics. The regional analysis entails the study of the mechanism of the processes involved in systems that are capable to explain the emergence, growth and decline of a region, but like any other geographic research, doing comparison in such a study is inevitable. The cities of the world are now the homes of more than half of the world’s population. Perhaps the most important global challenge of our age is to make sure that whether the planet remains habitable and provides sufficient resources for future generations. In this study, a descriptive-analytic method has been used to analyze the effects of information and communication technology in urban sustainable development in west urban areas of Kermanshah province. The statistical population of the study consisted of 184642 people that 386 individuals were randomly selected as the sample. The required data were collected by documentary-library method and field study and analyzed and processed using SPSS software and variance analysis model. The results showed that the cities of Qasr-eShirin, Gilan-e Gharb, KerendGharb, Sarpol-e Zahab and Islam AbadGharb obtained the first to fifth ranks respectively in terms of the affectability from information and communication technology in sustainable urban development.

The promotion of Entrepreneurship is the need of the community and the entrepreneursial development factors that are essential is the. Of the employment of women in Iran. Pursuit of opportunities beyond resources to create values in an article on the Entrepreneurship of the Entrepreneurship chain and sustainable social development. The elements of value chain were identified and prioritized according to experts in the second part of the paper to measure the relationship between the development of women's entrepreneurship and sustaninable social development through correlation research and strucrural equation modeling. We then discussed the results and the model entrepreneurial development model was developed based on the entrprenrurial value chain with a sustainable social development approach. This model contributes to the formulation of women's entrepreneurial activity and tacilitates the srengths and weaknesses and facilitates. Finally the presentation of the model and the link between the development of women's entrepreneurship of entrepreneurship value chain and sustainable social development were obtained.

Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is a climatic parameter and can be computed from weather data. It is one of the most important hydrological parameters for calculating crop water demand, scheduling irrigation systems, preparing input data to hydrological water-balance models, regional water resources assessment, and planning and management for a region and/or a basin. The climatic data from synoptic stations with more than 20 years continues record in West Azarbaijan province was used. The well-known FAO-PM56 method was used to calculate the ET0. Then Multiple linear Regression (MLR) was used to estimate the ET0. The RMSE, MEA, NSH, and R2 were used to evaluate the performance of the MLR model. Then, the correlation coefficient (r) between ET0 and each of the meteorological parameters was obtained. And finally, with using Path analysis method, the influence of direct (P) and indirect effects of the meteorological parameters on ET0 was calculated. In the studied synoptic stations, NSH between 0.91 and 0.99,   R2 between 0.91 and 0.99, RMSE between 0.05 and 0.15, and MEA between 0.04 and 0.12 were obtained. Also, it was found that the wind speed at all of stations had a significant correlation (at the 0.01% level) with ET0. The path analysis results showed that the maximum value of P (direct effect of meteorological parameters on ET0) in all of the stations belongs to wind speed. The P value of wind speed in Urmia equal to 0.85, Piranshahr equal to 0.99, Takab equal to 0.97, Khoy equal to 0.90, Sardasht equal to 1.06, and Mahabad equal to 0.78 are obtained.

Isfahan City-Region is a collection of cities and towns with shareable common ground (such as communications, infrastructure, population and climate) at the geographical level of the city of Isfahan and its surroundings, and their social, economic, functional and spatial dependencies are such that one The geographically differentiated metamorphic and sub-regional divisions form the surface of the land and the main focus of its residential concentration is the city of Isfahan. These common features make it possible for them to complete complementary fields with single target targeting. Meanwhile, municipalities, as the main actor of urban management, play a major role in communicating cities and managing these relationships, so that these issues can play a common language among the actors in the city-region. This research is descriptive-analytic in terms of its main purpose. The analysis of locational problems and identification of key actors in Isfahan-Isfahan (including Isfahan and ten neighboring cities: Abrisham, Baharestan, Khomeinishahr, Khorzuq, Dorcheh, Dolatabad, Shahinshahr, Ghahjavarestan, Gaz, and Najafabad) is an applied research. For this purpose, in the first step, identifying problems between Isfahan and ten neighboring cities has led to the formulation of a statement of problems by using the dual paths of reviewing the documents of documents and urban plans and conducting interviews with city managers and experts. In the second step, analyzing the problems and problems of the cities located in the city-region of Isfahan, based on the six-tagged codes defined for each problem, the amount of weight (severity of the problem) is determined and, through the method of analyzing social networks, the network of "actors-problems" is drawn. Based on the findings of the analysis from this network, the problems of "Air pollution caused by the exhausted bus", "the occurrence of environmental problems caused by the destruction of the ecological capacity of West of Isfahan" and "shortage of fire fighting equipment in neighboring cities of Isfahan" are the most important of the city-region. The department of "Urbanism & Architecture", "Transportation" and "Urban Services" as acters paly the most key role in solving the problems of the city-region of Isfahan.

Considering the vast application of sea surface temperature in climatic and oceanic investigations, this parameter was studied in Oman Sea from 1986 to 2015. The SST was surveyed using trend analysis and Global and local Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation. In trend analysis, the Mann-Kendall test was used to determine the trend of SST changes and the Sen's Estimator method was used to examine the slope of the changes. Using these methods, it was found that during January, February and December, there was no significant ascending trend in SST values, and only parts of the Strait of Hormuz had a significance descending trend. On the other hand, there was no significant descending trend in March, and the ascending trend in the SST was seen in the southern part of the Oman Sea. Other months of the year had a significant ascending and descending trend in different parts of the Oman Sea, which October had the highest ascending trend. In the annual time scale, it was also found that the southern parts of the Oman Sea had ascending trend in the SST value and Western parts had a descending trend. The occurred changes in the high amounts (positive and negative) were corresponding to the significance ascending and descending trends. The results of Global Moran for the annual time scale indicated an ascending trend of autocorrelation values and cluster patterns of SST data over time, using the local Moran analysis, it was found that warm clusters of SST are increasing in the Oman Sea, and on the other hand, cold clusters of this parameter have been reduced over 30 years. According to the results of trend and spatial autocorrelation analysis, it has been found that SST have been increasing in different parts of the Oman Sea during 30 years, so climate change and global warming may have affected this region.

One of the main tasks of urban and regional planners is the allocation of land to various urban uses, taking into account the role and function of the city, the city's economy, as well as the impact of interoperability of the users on each other. The topic of optimal location of therapeutic use is considered with consideration of effective parameters and factors in this research. According to the current situation in Shirvan, there are 3 clinics in Shirvan that their distribution and location seems to be inappropriate. Therefore, for prospective plans and according to the horizontal development of the city, assessment of these bases it is also a good idea to suggest places to establish clinics. This research is aimed at finding optimal location of clinics in Shirvan city by providing appropriate model. The research method is descriptive-analytical. In the first stage, identification and investigation of the effective factors on site selection of databases was investigated. Then using Arc GIS software, after completing the data gathering steps, preparing information layers, classifying and evaluating the layers, and weighing and overlapping the information layers were designed to prioritize the lands of the city of Shirvan for the establishment of clinics. The results showed that the clinics focus on the eastern side of the city, and central and western parts of the city are severely restricted in terms of access to clinics, and the population of 83,000 people in the city is only 28136 people in The standard radius of clinics is standard; in other words, about 75% of the population of the city is outside the standard radius of clinics and the radius of access to clinics is not suitable for citizens of the city. The city of Shirvan needs another hospital that is located in a location on the western side of the city.

Today, due to climate change, natural hazards and how to deal with them are among the most important concerns of researchers in environmental planning and crisis management. The purpose of this study is the assessment of the potential flood risk in Sarbaz drainage basin. For this purpose, the databases including elevation, slope, geological characteristics, soil characteristics, precipitation, vegetation, land use, and vector layers of the main channel, streams and drainage densities of the basin were used. By using the questionnaire and experts' opinion as well as hierarchical analysis, the weight of influences of each layer was calculated in basin flooding. Each of these layers was classified based on the flood potential from low to high-risk scale and eventually merged with the weighted overlay model in Geographic Information System. The results showed that main streams, land use, and precipitation are the most important components in the flood risk of the Sarbaz river drainage basin. From the total area of the Sarbaz basin, only 0.5% has a high to extremely high flood potential, and the central areas of the basin have the highest potential for flood due to topography and special hydrographic conditions. In addition, the main river basin districts towards the outlet of the basin as well as parts of the margins of important sub-streams have the highest flood potential. Despite the limited area of the high-risk zone, due to population density and agricultural land, the importance of this area is very high in crisis management.

Natural disasters, which are part of the process of human life, pose a major challenge to the sustainable development of human societies. On the other hand, the unsuccessful implementation of urban regeneration schemes has led to a new phenomenon called sustainability in urban projects, with major approaches to sustainability being the revitalization of urban contexts and the emphasis on regeneration. Therefore, in the present study, quantitative planning matrix has been used to evaluate the regeneration of the worn-out neighborhoods of Faraj city in order to enhance the physical resilience. . The research method in this study is descriptive - analytical and for collecting information besides library documents and studies, questionnaire was used which was distributed among a sample of 30 urban experts. Based on data analysis, Shannon entropy was used to evaluate the physical resilience of Farojchr('39')s worn-out tissue sites, and then the studied sites were prioritized in terms of physical resilience. Afterwards, the Vicour method was used to rank the Farouq worn-out tissue localities in terms of physical resilience. Based on the Shannon entropy, it has been concluded that neighborhoods 5 and 7 have been prioritized for physical resilience. Also based on the Vikor method, it has been found that out of the four quarters of the worn-out Faroj textile, the number seven neighborhood has the highest resilience.

The change in the way cities operate and benefit from ICTs, etc., has led to population dispersal, activity, and housing. This trend, along with the devastating social and environmental impacts, has had quite visible and measurable economic consequences. A comparative study would be very helpful to avoid the implications of measuring the occurrence of this process and the impact of national and local factors on it. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to compare the dispersal trend of the two cities of Esfarain and Bojnourd. In this regard, the present study is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-comparative in terms of research method. Required data were collected from documentary library studies and Heldern, Shannon entropy and Gini coefficients were used to analyze the data. The results showed that according to Helderenchr('39')s model, 84% of physical growth in Esfarain between 1345 and 1345 was related to population growth and about 16% to horizontal and spherical growth. For Bojnourd, this was also about 88% of the population growth and about 12% of the horizontal and spiral growth, which is slightly different from that of Esfarain. The Shannon entropy model also shows the sparse growth of physical expansion in the two cities of Esfarain and Bojnourd. The Gini coefficient calculated for Esfarain city is 0.096 and for Bojnourd city is 0.054 which indicates that population growth (Espalier) of Esfarain city is 0.015% more than Bojnourd city. Since the continuation of such conditions has numerous environmental, social and economic consequences for the residents of the cities concerned, it is advisable to strategically research, control and manage the physical development of the city and utilize the interpersonal development policy.

Promoting urban livability and realizing a livable city are closely linked to how the urban management apparatus and institutions and organizations active in urban affairs function. Municipalities, as the most important coordinating body in urban affairs, have played a decisive role in solving urban problems and are responsible for the social and physical development of cities. In fact, municipalities have the main task of serving the citizens and play the most important role in improving the quality of life of citizens. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the viability level of Semnan city and analyze the problems of Semnan city from the perspective of different groups (officials-elites). The research method is descriptive-analytical and the research tool is a questionnaire. The validity and reliability of this research has been confirmed by the previous similar research and the opinions of the supervisors and advisors of the dissertation, the validity of the research tools. The internal validity of the instrument (questionnaire) is also shown through the Cronbachchr('39')s alpha with a value of 0.84 for the questionnaires. The results showed that among the total biomarker indicators of Semnan city, from the point of view of elites and officials (with an average of 2.76), it was evaluated at a low level. Also, based on prioritization with ANP technique, "Improving Institutional-Organizational Capacity in Optimal Urban Management (R7)" with the highest score (07/357: 357) was identified as the best solution and in fact the main solution to deal with urban issues in Semnan. Also, the strategy of "integrated management between urban organizations to coordinate in the management of urban affairs (R6)" with (06/3366) was selected as the second solution.

The rapid growth of urbanization in recent decades and the neglect of qualitative aspects of human life have had adverse effects on the individual and social health of the community and urban life. Generally, life quality addresses social, environmental, and the economic issues. Plans should be consistent with improving life quality. On the other hand, improving the life quality can result in developments in social, economic, physical and service-providing areas. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Malayer urban spaces in improving the citizen’s life quality including variables such as the quality of facilities in the city, social environmental, economic quality and environmental quality, , security and relaxation, and so on. The method used in this study was a combination of analytical and case-oriented methods. The type of the study was a developmental one and the area understudy was Malayer with 52697 households and an area of ​​2,400 hectares. Quantitative models and statistical procedures such as development indicators, standardized scores, correlation coefficient, t-test, multiple regression, variance analysis, coefficient of variation, factor analysis, and 60 variables as the indicators of this study were used to assess and evaluate the life quality in Malayer as far as social, economic, environmental and physical aspects of life were concerned. Using Cochranchr('39')s formula, 384 random samples were selected from different parts of the city and were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical analysis using SPSS software. The obtained findings showed that the economic index of life quality with 58% was more inappropriate than the social, cultural and physical ones, while social and cultural indicators with 42% were in a moderate situation. The results also showed that the components of the quality of economic environment, working environment, transportation and the community are in an unfavorable condition in Malayer. Thus it is possible to increase the life quality in Malayer through  improving the economic, social, cultural and relative access to urban services.

For many coastal countries, maritime supremacy has always been a major concern of their grand strategies. The existence of islands is one of the most important means to acquisition of maritime supremacy in maritime territories. Iran, Due to its maritime position, has many islands in the Persian Gulf, the most important of which are the Triple  islands (Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb and Abu Musa). The political issue of the United Arab Emirateschr('39') claim to the islands and their very strategic position has made these islands very important in the Persian Gulf maritime supremacy. Therefore, the analysis of how these islands affect Iranchr('39')s maritime supremacy is considered as the main issue of this paper. Here, the method of data collection is library and documentary. Then, the collected data were analyzed by qualitative- inferential method. The results show that the Triple  islands in various ways have expaned the Iranian maritime supremacy and have helped to stabilization Iranchr('39')s maritime supremacy in the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz. These islands have increased  the Iran’s Maritime supremacy by extension Iranchr('39')s maritime sovereignty under international maritime law and the FIR line, located adjacent to the Hormuz International Waterway, defination maritime traffic Corridors, and playing the role of Warship in Iranchr('39')s naval navy.

Despite Iranchr(chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr('39')39chr('39')))s capabilities in the field of tourism, unfortunately, it has not been able to achieve a worthy position in this industry. One of the factors that can develop and improve the countrychr(chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr('39')39chr('39')))s tourism industry is the use of effective marketing tools and parameters, including introverted marketing. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of the study consisted of incoming tourists to hotels and restaurants active in the city of Rasht who were active in social networks. The sample size was estimated to be 384 using the Cochranchr(chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr('39')39chr('39')))s formula. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed as qualitative and quantitative validity and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbachchr(chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr('39')39chr('39')))s alpha method and combined reliability. In this study, in order to analyze the research data from the software SPSS and Amose were used. The findings of this study showed that the components of social construction, social listening and online content of introverted marketing have a positive and significant effect on the intention of electronic advertising. The results of this study also showed that the components of introverted marketing, ie social construction, social listening and online content have a positive and significant effect on the selection of tourism destinations. Other results of this study can be the positive and significant effect of advertising intentions on the choice of tourism destinations and also the mediating role of this variable in the relationship between the components of introverted marketing with the selection of tourism destinations.</span></div>